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jan 6822bc55cc Early release of m_received value 
Continuation::send() uses m_received field to transfer the value inside
the continuation. This field remains set until the continuation is
iterated the next time.

Unset this field early by ContReceive so that the memory can be
reclaimed.
2013-03-28 11:05:42 -07:00

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**********************************
* HipHop Bytecode v1 revision 17 *
**********************************
Introduction
------------
HipHop bytecode (HHBC) v1 is intended to serve as the conceptual basis for
encoding the semantic meaning of HipHop source code into a format that is
appropriate for consumption by interpreters and just-in-time compilers. By
using simpler constructs to encode more complex expressesion and statements,
HHBC makes it straightforward for an interpreter or a compiler to determine
the order of execution for a program.
HHBC was designed with several competing goals in mind:
1) Run-time efficiency. The design of HHBC should be congruous to implementing
an efficient execution engine, whether it be an interpreter or a just-in-time
compiler.
2) PHP 5.4 compatibility. It should be possible to compile valid PHP 5.4 source
code into HipHop bytecode in a way that preserves the semantic meaning of the
source.
3) Simplicity. The design of HHBC should avoid features that could be removed
or simplified without comprimising PHP 5.4 compatibility, run-time efficiency,
or design cleanliness.
Compilation units
-----------------
Each HipHop source file is compiled into a separate "compilation unit", or
"unit" for short. Units are composed of bytecode and metadata.
A unit's bytecode is an array of bytes encoding a sequence of HHBC
instructions, where each instruction is encoded using one or more bytes. This
specification defines an instruction set and defines the behavior of each HHBC
instruction, but the exact byte values used to encode HHBC instructions is
currently unspecified.
A unit's metadata is a set of structures that provide essential information
that is needed at run time by the execution engine. This specification will
describe a unit's metadata as a set of named tables with ordered rows, but the
exact format of the metadata is currently unspecified.
Each instruction in a unit's bytecode can be referred to using a "bytecode
offset", which is the distance in bytes from the first byte of a unit's
bytecode to the first byte of the instruction.
A unit's bytecode is partitioned into sections called "functions". The unit's
metadata uses bytecode offsets to specify which instructions belong to which
functions.
When a unit is loaded at run time, the execution engine assigns the unit's
bytecode a logical range of addresses called "bytecode addresses". An
instruction is referred to at run time using its bytecode address.
Flow of execution
-----------------
HipHop bytecode models the flow of execution using a stack of frames referred
to as the "call stack". A "frame" is a structure that logically consists of a
header, a program counter (PC), a local variable store, an iterator variable
store, an evaluation stack, and a function parameter info (FPI) stack.
The frame at the top of the call stack is referred to as the "current frame".
The current frame represents the function that is currently executing. The
program counter (PC) of the current frame is referred to as the "current PC".
At any given time, the current PC holds the bytecode address of the current
instruction to execute. When the execution engine executes an instruction, the
current PC is updated to point to the next instruction. By default, the current
PC is updated to point to the byte that sequentially follows the last byte of
the current instruction in the bytecode. Some instructions override the default
behavior and explicitly update the current PC in a specific way.
HHBC provides special instructions to allow for calling a function and
returning from a function. When a function is called, a new frame is pushed
onto the call stack, and the PC of the new frame is initialized to the
appropriate entry point (typically the instruction of the function that is
sequentially first in the bytecode). The new frame becomes the current frame,
and the PC of the new frame becomes the current PC. When a function returns,
the current frame is popped off the call stack. The previous frame becomes the
current frame, and its PC becomes the current PC. The facility provided by the
execution engine that is responsible for handling function calls and returns is
called the "dispatcher".
Typically, a frame is removed from the call stack when its corresponding
function returns. However, a frame may be removed from the call stack before
its corresponding function returns in the course of processing an exception.
The facility provided by the execution engine that is responsible for
processing exceptions is called the "unwinder".
Values
------
HHBC instructions may push and pop values on the current frame's evaluation
stack and they may read and write values to the current frame's local
variables. Values come in three flavors: cells, vars, and classrefs.
A "cell" is a structure that contains a type identifier and either data (for
non-refcounted types) or a reference to data (for refcounted types). When a
cell containing a reference is duplicated, the new cell will point to the same
data as the original cell. When a cell containing a reference is duplicated or
discarded, the execution engine is responsible for honoring the data's refcount
logic.
A "var" is a structure that contains a reference to a cell. When a var is
duplicated, the new var will point to the same cell as the original var. When
a var is duplicated or destroyed, the execution engine is responsible for
honoring the cell's refcount logic.
A "classref" is a structure that contains a reference to a class. When a
classref is pushed onto the stack or popped of the stack, no refcounting is
required.
Values on the evaluation stack may be any of the three flavors listed above.
Values stored in local variables may only be cells or vars.
Functions
---------
A unit's bytecode is organized into functions. Each function has its own
metadata that provdes essential information about the function, such as the
name of the function, how many local variables it has, how many iterator
variables it has, how many formal parameters it has, the names of the local
variables, the names of the formal parameters, how each parameter should be
passed (pass by value vs. pass by reference), whether each parameter has a
default value, and an upper bound for the maximum depth the evaluation stack
can reach at run time.
Each local variable and iterator variable has an id, and HHBC instructions can
reference these variables using these ids. The id space for local variables is
distinct from the id space for iterator variables. Thus local id 1 refers to a
different variable than iterator id 1. Local variable ids and iterator ids are
signed 32-bit integer values. No function may have more than 2^31 - 1 local
variables, and no function may have more than 2^31 - 1 iterator variables.
Some local variables have names associated with them (called "named local
variables"), while other local variables do not have names associated with them
(called "unnamed local variables"). All local variables that reference formally
declared parameters have names associated with them. Iterator variables do not
have names associated with them. Variables that have a name associated with
them will appear in the current variable environment (if they are defined),
while variables that do not have a name associated with them will never appear
in the current variable environment.
Formally declared parameters are considered to be local variables. Given a
function with n formally declared parameters, local ids 0 through n-1 will be
used to reference the formally declared parameters. Formal parameters without
default values are called "required parameters", while formal parmeters with
default values are called "optional parameters".
The bytecode for each function consists of the instructions of the primary
function body, optionally followed by the instructions for one or more fault
funclets. The metadata for each function specifies one or more entry points for
the primary function body, along with information about each fault funclet.
Entry points and fault funclets are discussed in more detail in the next
section. The total size of the bytecode for the primary function body and all
the fault funclets must not exceed 2^31 - 1 bytes. The primary function body
and each fault funclet must be a continguous range of bytecode.
Each function's metadata provides a "line number table" to allow mapping
bytecode offsets back to source line numbers. Each row in the line number table
consists of a source line number and a range of bytecode. The table is sorted
by starting bytecode offset, lowest offset first. The bytecode offset of the
beginning of each instruction in the function must belong to exactly one of the
ranges of bytecode in the line number table.
Entry points and fault funclets
-------------------------------
Entry points come in three varieties: the main entry point, DV entry points,
and catch entry points.
Every function has exactly one main entry point. When a function is called, the
dispatcher will set the PC of the new frame to point to the main entry point if
either (1) the function does not have any optional parameters or (2) the caller
provides values for all of the optional parameters.
DV entry points are used to handle initializing optional parameters that the
caller did not provide. Each DV entry point enters into a corresponding basic
block of instructions that operates directly on the appropriate local variable
to set it to its default value. These basic blocks fall through directly into
one another and the last basic block ends with a jump to the main entry point.
The dispatcher selects the appropriate DV entry point based on the number of
arguments passed into the function.
The main entry point and DV entry points are used by the dispatcher when
handling a function call. Each function's metadata provides an "entry point
table". Each row in the entry point table consists of a number of arguments and
the bytecode offset of the entry point that should be used by the dispatcher
(either the main entry point or a DV entry point).
Catch entry points are used to implement "catch" blocks in source code. When an
exception is thrown and the unwinder identifies a matching catch, after it
unwinds the stack it will transfer control to the catch entry point that
corresponds to the matching catch. The caught exception object can be retrieved
by the bytecode using the Catch instruction.
Fault funclets are used to perform necessary cleanup when a region of code
exits abnormally through an exception. When an exception is thrown that exits a
region protected by a fault funclet, the unwinder will transfer control to the
fault funclet. When a fault funclet executes the Unwind instruction, it
transfers control back to the unwinder. Fault funclets are referred to by the
bytecode offset of their first instruction.
Catch entry points and fault funclets are used by the unwinder when processing
an exception. The exact details about how the unwinder uses catch entry points
and fault funclets is covered in the next section.
Exceptions
----------
The metadata for each function provides an "exception handler (EH) table".
Each row in the EH table consists of a kind ("fault" or "catch"), a range
of bytecode that constitues the protected region, and an offset of a fault
funclet or list of (classname, offset) pairs describing catch entry points.
Each range of bytecode is given by a starting offset and an ending
offset, where the starting offset is the bytecode offset at the beginning of
the first instruction in the range and the ending offset is the bytecode offset
after the last instruction in the range. For any pair of protected regions,
one of the following must hold: (1) the regions are disjoint and do not
overlap, or (2) one of the regions must be nested inside the other region.
The offset for each catch target in a "catch" EH row must be within the
primary function body, and no two "fault" rows may target the same offset.
When an exception is thrown, control is transferred to the unwinder. The
unwinder starts with the current frame and consults the EH table of the
corresponding function. The unwinder visits each row in the EH table whose
protected region protects the instruction pointed to by the current PC,
starting with the row of the innermost protected region, then the row of the
next innermost protected region, and so forth. If two rows have identical
protected regions, the row occurring first in the EH table will be visited
first.
When the unwinder visits a "fault" kind protected region, it transfers control
to the corresponding fault funclet. When the fault funclet ends, it transfers
control back to the unwinder with the Unwind instruction.
When the unwinder visits a "catch" kind protected region, it considers each
catch target in the order they appear in the list. If the exception's type is
compatible with type of exception handled by the catch block, the unwinder
transfers control to the corresponding catch entry point, and normal execution
resumes. Otherwise, the unwinder continues visiting protected regions
searching for a matching catch.
If the unwinder visits all of the relevant protected regions in the current
frame's EH table and is unable to find a matching catch, the unwinder pops the
current frame off of the call stack, and repeats the process with the previous
frame on the call stack. If the unwinder is unable to find a matching catch and
pops every frame off the call stack, it transfers control to the unhandled
exception facility.
Unit metadata
-------------
Every compilation unit has a litstr table, a scalar array table, a function
table, and a class table.
The litstr table maps litstr ids to literal strings. Litstr ids are signed
32-bit integer values. Each litstr id must be between 0 and 2^31 - 2 inclusive.
The scalar array table maps scalar array ids to a description of the contents
of a scalar array. An array is a scalar array if and only if each element of
the array is a null, boolean, integer, double, string, or a scalar array.
Furthermore, each element of a scalar array must be a cell. Finally, scalar
arrays may not recurse infinitely. Each scalar array id must be between 0 and
2^31 - 2 inclusive.
Each row in the function table contains a unique function id, a function name
specified by a litstr id, the bytecode offset for the corresponding function,
a flag that indicates if the function is unconditionally declared in the
outermost scope, and the function metadata. Note that there may be multiple
rows in the function table with same function name. However, there may not be
multiple rows that are marked as being unconditionally declared in the
outermost scope with the same function name. Each function id must be between 0
and 2^31 - 2 inclusive.
Each row in the class table contains a unique class id, a class name specified
by a litstr id, a flag that indicates if the class declaration is hoisted to
the prelude of pseudo-main, and the class metadata. Note that there may be
multiple rows in the class table with same class name. However, there may not
be multiple rows that are marked as being hoisted with the same class name.
Each class id must be between 0 and 2^31 - 2 inclusive.
Function parameter info (FPI) structures and the FPI stack
----------------------------------------------------------
Every function has a function parameter info (FPI) structure associated with it
that can be retrieved at run time. The FPI structure contains the bytecode
address of the function, the number of parameters the function has, and a
parameter table that indicates whether each parameter is pass by value or pass
by reference.
In addition to the evaluation stack, each frame also contains another stack
called the FPI stack. Each entry on the FPI stack consists of a reference to an
FPI structure and a bytecode address of a function. The entry on the top of the
FPI stack is called the "current FPI".
The FPush* instructions push a new entry onto the FPI stack, initializing the
entry with a reference to the FPI structure for a given function and the
bytecode address of the appropriate entry point. The FPass* instructions
prepare the parameters that will be passed into the callee. The FCall*
instructions look at the current FPI to get the bytecode address of the
function (the callee), transfers the parameters from the evaluation stack to
the callee, pops the current FPI off of the FPI stack, and then invokes the
dispatcher to call the function.
Calls to builtin functions may be optimized to avoid pusing an entry on the FPI
stack if it is known that the builtin function does not need access to the call
stack. In this case, the arguments to the builtin are passed with the BPass*
instructions, and the builtin can be invoked with the FCallBuiltin instruction.
Unless otherwise noted, subsequent references to FCall* instructions should be
meant to refer to non-optimized FCall instructions, i.e. all FCall instructions
other than FCallBuiltin.
Calling convention
------------------
The caller may pass any number of parameters to the callee by executing FPass*
instructions zero or more times prior to executing an FCall* instruction. The
caller must pass the parameters in forward order, i.e. the first use of FPass*
passes the first parameter, the second use of FPass* passes the second
parameter, and so forth.
The FPush*/FPass*/FCall* instructions can be used to call a global function, a
method on an object, or a method from a class. The caller is responsible for
evaluating all of the parameters in forward order. When the caller executes an
FCall* instruction, the dispatcher creates a new frame and moves the parameters
prepared by the caller into the callee's variable environment. The dispatcher
then transfers control to the appropriate entry point of the callee (either the
main entry point or a DV entry point) based on the number of parameters passed.
When the callee executes the Ret* instruction, the dispatcher pushes the return
value onto the caller's evaluation stack. Then the dispatcher destroys the
callee's frame and transfers control back to the caller.
Property access
---------------
As object properties are accessed during execution, the execution engine is
responsible for following certain rules to honor each property's accessibility
and visibility.
The accessibility and visibility of a property in a given class is determined
by that class's definition and the definitons of all of that class's ancestors.
When a property is declared in a class definition (a "declared property") it
may be specified as being "public", "protected", or "private". Accessibility
and visibility are two related but distinct concepts. Depending on the current
context, a property may be visible and accessible, visible but inaccessible, or
invisible and inaccessible.
If a property P is declared with the "public" qualifier in the definition of
class C, for instances of class C and descendent classes the property P will be
visible and accessible in all contexts. If C has an ancestor that declares a
public property with the same name as P, C is said to "redeclare" property P,
and the declaration of P in class C is considered to refer to the same property
as the declaration in the ancestor class.
If a property P is declared as "protected" in the definition of class C, for
instances of class C the property P will be visible in all contexts, but only
accessible in the context of class C, an ancestor class, or descendent class.
When class C is loaded at run time, a semantic check must be performed to
ensure that all ancestor classes of C do not declare a property as "public"
with the same name as P. If C has an ancestor that declares a public property
with the same name as P, the execution engine must throw a fatal error when
class C is loaded. If C has an ancestor that declares a protected property with
the same name as P, C is said to "redeclare" property P, and the declaration of
P in class C is considered to refer to the same property as the declaration in
the ancestor class. Note that there may exist a class D that is a descendent of
C and declares a property as "public" with the same name as P. In such cases
the new "public" declaration in D is considered to refer to the same property
as the original "protected" declaration in C, and the "protected" qualifier
from the original declaration is effectively overriden by the "public"
qualifier from the new declaration. Class D is said to "redeclare" property P
with the "public" qualifier. Thus, for instances of class D and descendent
classes of D, property P will be visible and accessible in all contexts.
Finally, if a class E that is descendent of C does not redeclare P as public
and does not have an ancestor class that redeclares P as public, for instances
of class E the property P will be visibile in all contexts, but only accessible
in the context of class E, an ancestor class of E, or a descendent class of E.
If a property P is declared with the "private" qualifier in the definition of
class C, for instances of class C the property P will be visible in all
contexts, but only accessible in the context of class C. For instances of
descendent classes of C, the property P will be visible and accessible in the
context of the class C, and in all other contexts property P will be invisible
and inaccessible. When class C is loaded at run time, a semantic check must be
performed to ensure that all ancestor classes of C do not declare a property as
"public" or "protected" with the same as P. If C has an ancestor that declares
a public or protected property with the same name as P, the execution engine
must throw a fatal error when class C is loaded. Note that descendent classes
of C may declare another property with the same name as P. The declaration of
property P as "private" in class C is considered to define a separate property
that is distinct from all other properties of the same name declared in
ancestor classes and descendent classes of C.
An instruction that accesses a property specifies the property by a name N via
a litstr id, a local variable id, or a cell consumed from the evaluation stack.
As noted above, it is possible for a class to have multiple distinct properties
named N. In cases where there are multiple distinct properties named N, the
visibility rules are used to determine which property is retrieved. If there is
a visible private property P named N, then property P is retrieved. Otherwise,
if there is a visible non-private property Q named N, then property Q is
retrieved. If there is no visible property named N, the behavior is determined
by the specific instruction. The semantic checks and the visibility rules
ensure that for any context there cannot be more than one visible private
property, and there cannot be more than one visible non-private property.
Some instructions can create a new property at run time with a name that is
different than the names of all declared properties that are visible in the
current context. Such properties are called "non-declared properties" or
"dynamic properties". Dynamic properties are considered to be visible and
accessible in all contexts.
If a declared property is unset, and then re-accessed/re-created, then it is
treated the same way as an invisible property with the same attributes as the
original declared property. Specifically, if the property gets created again,
it must have the same access attributes as the original declared property.
Magic property access methods
-----------------------------
Instructions that access properties may in some cases invoke a magic property
access method (__get, __set, __isset, or __unset) if an object implements the
method and the method is considered eligible for invocation. A magic property
access method is considered "eligible" for a given object if there is not a
frame on the call stack that corresponds to an invocation of the same method on
the same object.
Static property access
----------------------
As a class's static properties are accessed during execution, the execution
engine is responsible for following certain rules to honor each static
property's accessibility and visibility.
The accessibility and visibility of a static property in a given class is
determined by that class's definition and the definitons of all of that class's
ancestors. When a static property is declared in a class definition it may be
specified as being "public", "protected", or "private". Depending on the
current context, a static property may be visible and accessible, visible but
inaccessible, or invisible and inaccessible.
Conceptually, each class has a "static store" associated with it at run time
that provides storage for the static properties declared in the class's
definition. Static properties are accessed at run time by name through the
scope of a class. When an instruction accesses a static property through the
scope of class C, it will search the static store of C and then the static
stores of C's ancestors (starting with C's base class and moving up the
inheritance chain) for the first static property with the given name that is
visible in the current context.
If a static property S is declared with the "public" qualifier in the
definition of class C, the static property S when accessed through the scope of
class C or a descendent of C will be visible and accessible in all contexts.
Note that descendent classes of C may declare another static property with the
same name as S. The declaration in class C is considered to define a separate
static property that is distinct from all other static properties declared in
descendent classes of C.
If a static property S is declared with the "protected" qualifier in the
definition of class C, the static property S when accessed through the scope of
class C or a descendent of C will be visible in all contexts, but only
accessible in the context of class C, an ancestor class of C, or descendent
class of C. When class C is loaded at run time, a semantic check must be
performed to ensure that all ancestor classes of C do not declare a static
property as "public" with the same name as S. If C has an ancestor that
declares a public static property with the same name as S, the execution engine
must throw a fatal error when class C is loaded. Note that descendent classes
of C may declare another static property with the same name as S. The
declaration in class C is considered to define a separate static property that
is distinct from all other static properties declared in descendent classes of
C.
If a static property S is declared with the "private" qualifier in the
definition of class C, the static property S when accessed through the scope of
class C will be visible in all contexts, but only accessible in the context of
class C. The static property S when accessed through the scope of a descendent
of C will only be visible and accessible in the context of class C. When class
C is loaded at run time, a semantic check must be performed to ensure that all
ancestor classes of C do not declare a static property as "public" or
"protected" with the same name as S. If C has an ancestor that declares a
public or protected static property with the same name as S, the execution
engine must throw a fatal error when class C is loaded. Note that descendent
classes of C may declare another static property with the same name as S. The
declaration in class C is considered to define a separate static property that
is distinct from all other static properties declared in descendent classes of
C.
Note that instructions cannot create new static properties in a class that were
not declared in the class definition.
FPI regions
-----------
An FPI region is a continguous range of bytecode that constitutes a call site.
Each FPI region begins immediately after an FPush* instruction that pushes an
FPI structure onto the FPI stack and must end with the corresponding FCall*
instruction that pops that FPI structure off of the FPI stack. If two FPI
regions overlap, one of the FPI regions must be completely enclosed by the other
FPI region. An FPI region may not contain backward jumps, nor may it contain
forward jumps that jump past the end of the FPI region.
Each function has an "FPI region table". Each row in the FPI region table
consists of the starting offset of the FPI region (the bytecode offset
immediately following the FPush* instruction), the ending offset of the FPI
region (the bytecode offset of the FCall* instruction), and the number of
parameters being passed.
Flavor descriptors
------------------
Any given value on the stack must either be a cell, var, or classref at run
time. However, at bytecode generation time the specific flavor of a value on
the stack is not always known. HipHop bytecode uses symbols called "flavor
descriptors" to precisely describe what is known at bytecode generation about
the state of the evaluation stack at each instruction boundary.
Each instruction description specifies the flavor descriptor produced for each
of its outputs. Each description also specifies the flavor descriptor consumed
for each of the instruction's inputs.
Here is a description of each flavor descriptor:
C - cell; specifies that the value must be a cell at run time
V - var; specifies that the value must be a var at run time
A - classref; specifies that the value must be a classref at run time
R - return value; specifies that the value may be a cell or a var at run
time; this flavor descriptor is used for return values from function
calls
F - function argument; specifies that the value may be a cell or a var at run
time; this flavor descriptor is used for parameter values that are
about to be passed into a function
Verifiability
-------------
Because instructions specify constraints on the flavor descriptor of each
input, it is important to be able to determine if a given HHBC program
satisfies these constraints. A program that satisfies the constraints on the
inputs to each instruction is said to be "flavor-safe".
HHBC provides a set of verification rules that can be mechanically applied to
verify that an HHBC program is flavor-safe. All valid HHBC programs must be
verifiably flavor-safe, and the execution execution may refuse to execute HHBC
programs that cannot be verified.
At bytecode generation time, what is known about the state of the evaluation
stack at a given instruction boundary can be precisely described using flavor
descriptors.
In addition to being flavor-safe, there are other invariants that valid
HHBC programs must uphold with respect to metadata and how certain instructions
are used.
Below is the complete list of verifiability rules. If the bytecode to be
executed does not come from a trusted source, it is the responsibility of the
bytecode execution engine to verify that these invariants hold.
1) The depth of the evaluation stack at any given point in the bytecode must
the same for all possible control flow paths. The flavor descriptor of any
given slot on the evaluation stack at any given point in the bytecode must the
same for all possible control flow paths.
2) No instruction may consume more values from the evaluation stack than are
available at that given point in the bytecode. Likewise, the flavor descriptor
of each slot on the evaluation stack must be compatible with the instruction's
inputs' flavor descriptors.
3) The evaluation stack must be empty at the beginning and end of each
try region. The evaluation stack must also be empty at any offset
listed as a catch entry point.
4) If a given instruction is not the target of a forward branch and it follows
a Jmp, Switch, SSwitch, RetC, RetV, Unwind, Fatal, Throw, NativeImpl, or
ContHandle instruction, the evaluation stack before executing the given
instruction must be empty.
5) Before executing the RetC instruction, the evaluation stack must contain
exactly one value and the flavor descriptor of the value must be cell.
Likewise, before executing the RetV instruction, the evaluation stack must
contain exactly one value and the flavor descriptor of the value must be the
var. Finally, before executing the Unwind instruction, the evaluation stack
must be empty.
6) The code for the primary function body and fault funclets must be laid out
in order in one contiguous block, starting with the primary function body and
optionally followed by one or more fault funclets. The code for primary
function body may not jump into the code for the funclets. Similarly, the code
for a funclet may not jump into the code for the primary function body or
another funclet.
7) The primary function body and each fault funclet must end with one of the
following instructions: Jmp, Switch, SSwitch, RetC, RetV, Unwind, Fatal, Throw,
NativeImpl, or ContHandle. The primary function body may not contain the Unwind
instruction. Also, fault funclets may not contain the Ret* instructions.
8) Each FPI region enumerated in the FPI region table must start with an FPush*
instruction and it must end with an FCall* instruction. Each use of the FPush*
instruction must be the first instruction in exactly one FPI region. Likewise,
each use of the FCall* instruction must be the last instruction in exactly one
FPI region. Finally, the FPass* instructions may not be used outside an FPI
region.
9) Each FPI region may not contain backward jumps, nor may it contain forward
jumps that jump outside the end of the FPI region. Also, there may not be jumps
anywhere in the function that transfer control from the outside of a given FPI
region to the inside of that region. Finally, an FPI region may not contain the
Ret*, Unwind, Throw, or Fatal instructions.
10) The depth of the FPI stack at any given point in the bytecode must be the
same for all possible control flow paths. Also, for any given FPI region that
passes n parameters, all possible control flow paths from the beginning of the
region to the end must pass through exactly n FPass* instructions associated
with the region which pass the parameters in forward order.
11) Given an evaluation stack of depth n after an FPush* instruction, the
evaluation stack before the corresponding FCall* instruction must also have a
depth of n. Likewise, the evaluation stack after corresponding FPass*
instructions must have a depth of n as well. Finally, no instruction between an
FPush* and its corresponding FCall* may consume any of the values from the
evaluation stack that were pushed onto the stack before the FPush* instruction.
12) The initialization 'state' of each iterator variable must be known at every
point in the code and must be the same for all control paths. There are three
possible states: (1) uninitialized, (2) "iter-initialized" (initialized via
IterInit*), and (3) "miter-initialized" (initialized via MIterInit*). Every
range of bytecode for which an iterator variable i is initialized must be
protected by a fault funclet that unsets i by calling IterFree or MIterFree so
that when the unwinder or dispatcher pops the current frame, each iterator
variable is uninitialized.
13) The iterator variable referenced by IterInit* or MIterInit* must be in
the uninitialized state when the instruction executes. An iterator variable
referenced by IterNext* and IterFree must be in the "iter-initialized" state,
and an iterator variable referenced by MIterNext* or MIterFree must be in the
"miter-initialized" state. Note that IterInit* and MIterInit* conditionally
initializes the iterator variable, and IterNext* and MIterNext* conditionally
frees the iterator variable.
Instruction set
---------------
Each instruction description below consists of a mnemonic, followed by 0 or
more immediate operands, followed by a stack transition description of the form
"[xn,...,x2,x1] -> [ym,...,y2,y1]", where "[xn,...,x2,x1]" is a list of flavor
descriptors describing what the instruction consumes from the evaluation stack
and "[ym,...,y2,y1]" is the list of flavor descriptors describing what the
instruction pushes onto the stack. x1 and y1 represent the topmost stack
elements before and after execution, respectively.
Each element of a stack transition may also contain an optional type
annotation. Here is the list of the type annotations used in instruction
descriptions:
Null - denotes the null type
Bool - denotes the boolean type
Int - denotes the integer type
Dbl - denotes the double-precision floating-point type
Str - denotes the string type
Arr - denotes the array type
Obj - denotes the object type
Multiple type annotations may be combined together using the "|" symbol. For
example, the type annotation "Int|Dbl" means that a value is either integer or
a double.
Some instructions may contain multiple stack transition descriptions to express
the relationship between the types of the values consumed from the stack and
types of the values pushed onto the stack. Also, in some stack transition
descriptions, "<T>" is used as shorthand to represent any one specific type.
For example, a transition such as "[C:<T>] -> [C:<T>]" indicates that the type
of value that the instruction pushes onto the stack will match the type of
value that it consumed from the stack. Likewise, "<F>" is used as shorthand to
represent any one specific flavor descriptor.
$1 is used to refer to the value at the top of the evaluation stack, $2 is used
to refer to the value directly below $1 on the evaluation stack, $3 is used to
refer to the value directly below $2, and so forth. Also, %1 is used to refer
to the first immediate argument, and %2 is used to refer to the second
immediate argument.
Note that the relative offset immediate used by a Jmp*, Iter*, MIter*, Switch,
or SSwitch instruction is relative the beginning of the instruction.
There are numerous instructions that operate on different kinds of locations.
Locations are specified using "location descriptors". The complete list of
location descriptors is given below:
L - local id; location is the local variable whose id is given by an
immediate.
N - local name; location is the local variable whose name is given by the
value of a cell.
G - global name; location is the global variable whose name is given by the
value of a cell.
S - static property; location is the static property whose class is given by
a classref and whose name is given by value of a cell.
C - cell; location is a temporary value given by a cell.
R - return value; location is a temporary value given by a cell or a var
There are several groups of similarly named instructions where the name of each
instruction ends with a different location descriptor (for example, Set*). Each
instruction in the group perform similar actions but take different kinds of
inputs to specify the location to access.
The Member instructions provide functionality to operate on elements and
properties. These instructions incorporate an immediate argument vector which
specifies a location descriptor (defined above) followed by one or more member
descriptors:
EC - consume a cell from the evaluation stack as an element
EL:<id> - consume a local given by an immediate id as an element
ET:<id> - consume a litstr given by an immediate id as an element
EI:<int>- consume a immediate integer as an element
PC - consume a cell from the evaluation stack as a property
PL:<id> - consume a local given by an immediate id as a property
PT:<id> - consume a litstr given by an immediate id as a property
W - synthesize a new element (no corresponding local variable or
evaluation stack slot)
For example, the following correspondence exists (ignoring setup bytecode):
Source code: $a[3][$b][]['hi'] = 42;
Bytecode: SetM <L:0 EI:3 EL:1 W ET:hi>
Stack: [] -> [42]
Instructions that have an immediate argument vector have different stack
transition descriptions depending on the kind of location descriptor and member
descriptors contained in the immediate argument vector. Member instructions
denote the immediate argument vector using the notation "<loc-desc/M-vector>"
and "C..C" is used to indicate that the member instructions consume a variable
number of cells from the stack. In most cases the immediate vector arguments
are ordered such that the loc-desc comes first (deepest in the stack), with the
last M-vector element last (shallowest in the stack). However, classrefs that
are part of the BaseSC and BaseSL loc-desc inputs always come last (the cell
input to BaseSC comes first though).
In addition to describing each instruction, this instruction set documentation
also describes several operations that encapsulate fundamental, but non-trivial
processes that are shared by the Member instructions.
The instruction set is organized into the following sections:
1. Basic instructions
2. Literal and constant instructions
3. Operator instructions
4. Control flow instructions
5. Get instructions
6. Isset, Empty and type querying instructions
7. Mutator instructions
8. Call instructions
9. Member operations
10. Member instructions
11. Iterator instructions
12. Include, eval, and define instructions
13. Miscellaneous instructions
14. Continuation creation and execution
1. Basic instructions
---------------------
Nop [] -> []
No operation. This instruction does nothing.
PopC [C] -> []
PopV [V] -> []
PopR [R] -> []
Pop. Discards the value on the top of the stack.
Dup [C:<T>] -> [C:<T> C:<T>]
Duplicate. Duplicates the cell $1 and pushes it onto the stack.
Box [C:<T>] -> [V:<T>]
Box. Creates a new var, sets the new var to point at a copy of cell $1, and
pushes the var onto the stack.
Unbox [V:<T>] -> [C:<T>]
Unbox. Creates a copy of the cell that var $1 points to, and pushes the cell
onto the stack.
BoxR [R:<T>] -> [V:<T>]
Box. If $1 is a var at run time, this instruction does nothing.
If $1 is a cell at run time, this instruction creates a new var, sets the new
var to point at a copy of cell $1, and pushes the var onto the stack.
UnboxR [R:<T>] -> [C:<T>]
Unbox. If $1 is a cell at run time, this instruction does nothing.
If $1 is a var at run time, this instruction creates a copy of the cell that
var $1 points to, and pushes the cell onto the stack.
2. Literal and constant instructions
------------------------------------
Null [] -> [C:Null]
True [] -> [C:Bool]
False [] -> [C:Bool]
Push constant. Null pushes null onto the stack, True pushes true onto
the stack, and False pushes false onto the stack.
NullUninit [] -> [C:Uninit]
Push Uninit Null Cell onto stack.
Int <signed 64-bit integer value> [] -> [C:Int]
Double <double value> [] -> [C:Dbl]
String <litstr id> [] -> [C:Str]
Array <scalar array id> [] -> [C:Arr]
Push immediate. Pushes %1 onto the stack.
NewArray [] -> [C:Arr]
New array. Creates a new empty array and pushes it onto the stack.
NewTuple <num elems> [C..C] -> [C]
New array. Creates a new array from the top %1 cells on the stack, pops those
cells, then pushes the new array onto the stack. Elements are implicitly
numbered from 0 to num elems - 1; $1 is at index 0, $2 is at 1, and so on.
AddElemC [C C C] -> [C:Arr]
Add element. If $3 is an array, this instruction executes $3[$2] = $1 and
then pushes $3 onto the stack.
If $3 is not an array, this instruction throws a fatal error.
AddElemV [C C V] -> [C:Arr]
Add element. If $3 is an array, this instruction executes $3[$2] = &$1 and
then pushes $3 onto the stack.
If $3 is not an array, this instruction throws a fatal error.
AddNewElemC [C C] -> [C:Arr]
Add new element. If $2 is an array, this instruction executes $2[] = $1 and
then pushes $2 onto the stack.
If $2 is not an array, this instruction throws a fatal error.
AddNewElemV [C V] -> [C:Arr]
Add new element. If $2 is an array, this instruction executes $2[] = &$1 and
then pushes $2 onto the stack.
If $2 is not an array, this instruction throws a fatal error.
NewCol <coll type> <num elems> [] -> [C:Obj]
New collection. Creates a new collection of type %1 with an initial capacity
sufficient to hold the number of elements specified by %2, and pushes the
collection onto the stack.
ColAddElemC [C C C] -> [C:Obj]
Collection add key/value pair. If $3 is a collection object, this instruction
executes $3[$2] = $1 and then pushes $3 onto the stack.
If $3 is not a collection object, this instruction throws a fatal error.
ColAddNewElemC [C C] -> [C:Obj]
Collection add value. If $2 is a collection object, this instruction executes
$2[] = $1 and then pushes $2 onto the stack.
If $2 is not a collection object, this instruction throws a fatal error.
Cns <litstr id> [] -> [C:Null|Bool|Int|Dbl|Str]
Get constant. Pushes the value of the global constant named %1 onto the stack
as a cell. If there is no constant named %1, this instruction raises a notice
and pushes the string %1 onto the stack as a cell.
ClsCns <litstr id> [A] -> [C:Null|Bool|Int|Dbl|Str]
Get class constant. This instruction pushes the value of the class constant
named %1 from class $1 onto the stack. If there is no class constant named %1
in class $1, this instruction throws a fatal error.
ClsCnsD <litstr id> <litstr id> [] -> [C:Null|Bool|Int|Dbl|Str]
Get class constant (direct). This instruction first checks if %2 matches the
name of a defined class. If %2 does not match the name of a defined class,
this instruction will invoke the autoload facility passing in the class name
%2, and then it will again check if %2 matches the name of a defined class.
If %2 still does not match the name of a defined class this instruction
throws a fatal error.
Next, this instruction pushes the value of the class constant named %1 from
class %2 onto the stack. If there is no class constant named %1 in class %2,
this instruction throws a fatal error.
File [] -> [C:Str]
Dir [] -> [C:Str]
Push string. File pushes __FILE__ onto the stack, and Dir pushes __DIR__ onto
the stack.
3. Operator instructions
------------------------
Concat [C C] -> [C:Str]
Concatenation (.). Pushes ((string)$2 . (string)$1) on the stack.
Add [C:Arr C:Arr] -> [C:Arr]
[C:<T2> C:<T1>] -> [C:Dbl] (where T1 == Dbl || T2 == Dbl)
[C:<T2> C:<T1>] -> [C:Int] (where T1 != Dbl && T2 != Dbl &&
(T1 != Arr || T2 != Arr))
Addition (+). Performs addition (or plus-merge if $1 and $2 are both arrays).
Pushes ($2 + $1) onto the stack. This instruction throws a fatal error if
is_array($1) xor is_array($2) is true.
Sub [C:<T2> C:<T1>] -> [C:Dbl] (where T1 == Dbl || T2 == Dbl)
[C:<T2> C:<T1>] -> [C:Int] (where T1 != Dbl && T2 != Dbl)
Subtraction (-). Pushes ($2 - $1) onto the stack. This instruction throws a
fatal error if is_array($1) || is_array($2) is true.
Mul [C:<T2> C:<T1>] -> [C:Dbl] (where T1 == Dbl || T2 == Dbl)
[C:<T2> C:<T1>] -> [C:Int] (where T1 != Dbl && T2 != Dbl)
Multiplication (*). Pushes ($2 * $1) onto the stack. This instruction throws
a fatal error if is_array($1) || is_array($2) is true.
Div [C C] -> [C:Bool|Int|Dbl]
[C:Dbl C:Int] -> [C:Bool|Dbl]
[C:Int C:Dbl] -> [C:Bool|Dbl]
[C:Dbl C:Dbl] -> [C:Bool|Dbl]
Division (/). Pushes ($2 / $1) onto the stack. This instruction throws a
fatal error if is_array($1) || is_array($2) is true.
Mod [C C] -> [C:Bool|Int]
Modulus (%). Pushes ((int)$2 % (int)$1) onto the stack. This instruction
never throws a fatal error.
Xor [C C] -> [C:Bool]
Logical xor (xor). Pushes ((bool)$2 xor (bool)$1) onto the stack.
Not [C] -> [C:Bool]
Logical not (!). Pushes (!(bool)$1) onto the stack.
Same [C C] -> [C:Bool]
Same (===). Pushes ($2 === $1) onto the stack.
NSame [C C] -> [C:Bool]
Not same (!==). Pushes ($2 !== $1) onto the stack.
Eq [C C] -> [C:Bool]
Equals (==). Pushes ($2 == $1) onto the stack.
Neq [C C] -> [C:Bool]
Not equal (!=). Pushes ($2 != $1) onto the stack.
Lt [C C] -> [C:Bool]
Less than (<). Pushes ($2 < $1) onto the stack.
Lte [C C] -> [C:Bool]
Less than or equal to (<=). Pushes ($2 <= $1) onto the stack.
Gt [C C] -> [C:Bool]
Greater than (>). Pushes ($2 > $1) onto the stack.
Gte [C C] -> [C:Bool]
Greater than or equal to (>=). Pushes ($2 >= $1) onto the stack.
BitAnd [C:<T2> C:<T1>] -> [C:Int] (where T1 != Str || T2 != Str)
[C:Str C:Str] -> [C:Str]
Bitwise and (&). Pushes ($2 & $1) onto the stack. If either $1 or $2 is an
object, this instruction throws a fatal error.
BitOr [C:<T2> C:<T1>] -> [C:Int] (where T1 != Str || T2 != Str)
[C:Str C:Str] -> [C:Str]
Bitwise or (|). Pushes ($2 | $1) onto the stack. If either $1 or $2 is an
object, this instruction throws a fatal error.
BitXor [C:<T2> C:<T1>] -> [C:Int] (where T1 != Str || T2 != Str)
[C:Str C:Str] -> [C:Str]
Bitwise xor (^). Pushes ($2 ^ $1) onto the stack. If either $1 or $2 is an
object, this instruction throws a fatal error.
BitNot [C:<T>] -> [C:Int] (where T != Str)
[C:Str] -> [C:Str]
Bitwise not (~). Pushes (~$1) onto the stack. If $1 is null, a boolean, an
array, or an object, this instruction throws a fatal error.
Shl [C C] -> [C:Int]
Shift left (<<). Pushes ((int)$2 << (int)$1) onto the stack. This instruction
never throws a fatal error.
Shr [C C] -> [C:Int]
Shift right (>>). Pushes ((int)$2 >> (int)$1) onto the stack. This
instruction never throws a fatal error.
CastBool [C] -> [C:Bool]
Cast to boolean ((bool),(boolean)). Pushes (bool)$1 onto the stack.
CastInt [C] -> [C:Int]
Cast to integer ((int),(integer)). Pushes (int)$1 onto the stack.
CastDouble [C] -> [C:Dbl]
Cast to double ((float),(double),(real)). Pushes (double)$1 onto the stack.
CastString [C] -> [C:Str]
Cast to string ((string),(binary)). Pushes (string)$1 onto the stack. If $1
is an object that implements the __toString method, the string cast returns
$1->__toString(). If $1 is an object that does not implement __toString
method, the string cast throws a fatal error.
CastArray [C] -> [C:Arr]
Cast to array ((array)). Pushes (array)$1 onto the stack.
CastObject [C] -> [C:Obj]
Cast to object ((object)). Pushes (object)$1 onto the stack.
InstanceOf [C C] -> [C:Bool]
Instance of (instanceof). If $1 is a string and it matches the name of a
defined class and $2 is an object that is an instance of $1, this instruction
pushes true onto the stack. If $1 is an object and get_class($1) matches the
name of a defined class and $2 is an object that is an instance of
get_class($1), this instruction pushes true onto the stack. If $1 is not a
string or an object, this instruction throws a fatal error.
InstanceOfD <litstr id> [C] -> [C:Bool]
Instance of direct (instanceof). If %1 matches the name of a defined class
and $1 is an instance of the %1, this instruction pushes true onto the stack,
otherwise it pushes false onto the stack.
Print [C] -> [C:Int]
Print (print). Outputs (string)$1 to STDOUT and pushes the integer value 1
onto the stack.
Clone [C] -> [C:Obj]
Clone (clone). Clones $1 and pushes it onto the stack. If $1 is not an
object, this instruction throws a fatal error.
Exit [C] -> [C:Null]
Exit (exit). Terminates execution of the program.
If $1 is an integer, this instruction will set the exit status to $1, push
null onto the stack, and then it will terminate execution.
If $1 is not an integer, this instruction will output (string)$1 to STDOUT,
set the exit status to 0, push null onto the stack, and then it will
terminate execution.
Fatal <skip frame> [C] -> []
Fatal. This instruction throws a fatal error using $1 as the error message.
If $1 is not a string, this instruction throws a fatal error with an error
message that indicates that the error message was not a string.
Setting %1 to 0 will include the full backtrace.
Setting %1 to 1 will make the backtrace not include the topmost frame. This
is useful when fatalling from functions that shouldn't be seen from userland.
4. Control flow instructions
----------------------------
Jmp <rel offset> [] -> []
Jump. Transfers control to the location specified by %1.
JmpZ <rel offset> [C] -> []
Jump if zero. Conditionally transfers control to the location specified by %1
if (bool)$1 == (bool)0.
JmpNZ <rel offset> [C] -> []
Jump if not zero. Conditionally transfers control to the location specified
by %1 if (bool)$1 != (bool)0.
Switch <offset vector> <base> <bounded> [C] -> []
Switch over integer case values. If bounded == 0, the implementation will
assume that $1 is an integer in the range [0, length(vector)) and
unconditionally transfer control to the location specified by
vector[$1]. Undefined behavior will result if $1 is not an integer inside
this range. If bounded != 0, the following rules take over:
For a bounded Switch, the last two elements of the offset vector are special:
they represent the first non-zero case and the default case,
respectively. base + length(vector) - 2 must not be greater than 2^63-1. If
$1 === true, control will be transferred to the location specified by
vector[length(vector) - 2]. If $1 is equal (as defined by Eq) to any integer
$n in the range [base, base + length(vector) - 2), control will be
transferred to the location specified by vector[$n - base]. Otherwise,
control will be transferred to the location specified by
vector[length(vector) - 1].
SSwitch <litstr id/offset vector> [C] -> []
Switch over string case values. This instruction will search the
string/offset vector from the beginning until it finds a string that is equal
to $1. If one is found, control will be transferred to the location specified
by the offset corresponding to that string. If a matching string is not
found, control is transferred to the location specified by the final element
in the vector.
RetC [C] -> []
RetV [V] -> []
Return. Returns $1 to the caller. This instruction may not be used inside
default value funclets or fault funclets.
Unwind [] -> []
Unwind. Transfers control back to the unwinder. This instruction may only be
used inside a fault funclet.
Throw [C] -> []
Throw. Throws the object $1. If $1 is not an object that extends the
Exception class, this instruction throws a fatal error.
5. Get instructions
-------------------
CGetL <local variable id> [] -> [C]
Get local as cell. If the local variable given by %1 is defined, this
instruction gets the value of the local variable and pushes it onto the stack
as a cell. If the local variable is not defined, this instruction raises a
warning and pushes null onto the stack.
CGetL2 <local variable id> [<F>:<T>] -> [C <F>:<T>]
Get local as cell. If the local variable given by %1 is defined, this
instruction gets the value of the local variable, pushes it onto the stack
as a cell, and then pushes $1 onto the stack.
If the local variable is not defined, this instruction raises a warning,
pushes null onto the stack, and then pushes $1 onto the stack.
CGetL3 <local variable id> [<F2>:<T2> <F1>:<T1>] -> [C <F2>:<T1> <F1>:<T1>]
Get local as cell. If the local variable given by %1 is defined, this
instruction gets the value of the local variable, pushes it onto the stack
as a cell, then pushes $2 onto the stack, and then pushes $1 onto the stack.
If the local variable given by %1 is not defined, this instruction raises a
warning, pushes null onto the stack, then pushes $2 onto the stack, and then
pushes $1 onto the stack.
CGetN [C] -> [C]
Get local as cell. This instruction first computes x = (string)$1. Next, this
instruction reads the local variable named x pushes its value onto the stack
as a cell.
If there is no local variable defined named x, this instruction pushes null
onto the stack and raises a warning.
CGetG [C] -> [C]
Get global as cell. This instruction first computes x = (string)$1. Next,
this instruction reads the global variable named x pushes its value onto the
stack as a cell.
If there is not a global variable defined named x, this instruction pushes
null onto the stack and raises a warning.
CGetS [C A] -> [C]
Get static property as cell. This instruction first checks if class $1 has a
visible and accessible static property named (string)$2. If it doesn't, this
instruction throws a fatal error. Otherwise, this instruction pushes the
static property onto the stack as a cell.
VGetL <local variable id> [] -> [V]
Get local as var. This instruction boxes the local variable given by %1 if
necessary and pushes it onto the stack as a var. If the given local variable
is not defined, this instruction defines it, sets it to null, boxes it, and
pushes a the value of the local variable onto the stack as a var.
VGetN [C] -> [V]
Get local as var. This instruction first computes x = (string)$1. Next, this
instruction boxes the local variable named x (if the local is a cell) and
pushes its value onto the stack as a var. If there is no local variable
defined named x, this instruction defines a local variable named x, sets it
to null, boxes it, and pushes the value of the local variable onto the stack
as a var.
VGetG [C] -> [V]
Get global as var. This instruction first computes x = (string)$1. Next, this
instruction boxes the global variable named x (if the local is a cell) and
pushes its value onto the stack as a var. If there is no global variable
defined named x, this instruction defines a global variable named x, sets it
to null, boxes it, and pushes the value of the global variable onto the stack
as a var.
VGetS [C A] -> [V]
Get static property as var. This instruction first checks if class $1 has a
visible and accessible static property named (string)$2. If it doesn't, this
instruction throws a fatal error. Otherwise, this instruction boxes the
static property and pushes it onto the stack as a var.
AGetC [C] -> [A]
AGetL <local variable id> [] -> [A]
Fetch class. This instruction first loads a value into x as shown by the
following table:
instruction x
------------+----
AGetC | $1
AGetL | %1
Next this instruction checks if x is a string or an object. If x is not a
string or object, this instruction throws a fatal error. Otherwise, this
instruction executes y = (is_object(x) ? get_class(x) : (string)x) and checks
if y matches the name of a defined class. If y does not match the name of a
defined class, this instruction will invoke the autoload facility passing in
the class name y, and then it will again check if y matches the name of a
defined class. If y still does not match the name of a defined class this
instruction throws a fatal error.
Next, this instruction pushs a classref that refers to the class named y.
6. Isset, Empty, and type querying instructions
-----------------------------------------------
IssetC [C] -> [C:Bool]
Isset. If $1 is null this instruction pushes false onto the stack, otherwise
it pushes true.
IssetL <local variable id> [] -> [C:Bool]
Isset local. This instruction reads the local variable given by %1. If the
local variable is undefined or null, this instruction pushes false onto the
stack, otherwise it pushes true.
IssetN [C] -> [C:Bool]
Isset local. This instruction reads the local variable named (string)$1. If
the local variable is undefined or null, this instruction pushes false onto
the stack, otherwise it pushes true.
IssetG [C] -> [C:Bool]
Isset global. This instruction reads the global variable named (string)$1. If
the global variable is undefined or null, this instruction pushes false onto
the stack, otherwise it pushes true.
IssetS [C A] -> [C:Bool]
Isset static property. This instruction first computes x = (string)$2. Next
it checks if class $1 has an accessible static property named x. If it
doesn't, this instruction pushes false.
If class $1 does have an accessible property named x, this instruction reads
the static property named x. If the static property is null, this instruction
pushes false onto the stack, otherwise it pushes true.
EmptyL <local variable id> [] -> [C:Bool]
Empty local. This instruction reads the local variable named %1 into x. If
the local variable is defined this instruction pushes !(x) onto the stack,
otherwise it pushes true.
EmptyN [C] -> [C:Bool]
Empty local. This instruction reads the local variable named (string)$1 into
x. If the local variable is defined this instruction pushes !(x) onto the
stack, otherwise it pushes true.
EmptyG [C] -> [C:Bool]
Empty global. This instruction reads the global variable named (string)$1
into x. If the global variable is defined this instruction pushes !(x) onto
the stack, otherwise it pushes true.
EmptyS [C A] -> [C:Bool]
Empty static property. This instruction first checks if class $1 has an
accessible static property named (string)$2. If it doesn't, this instruction
pushes true, otherwise this instruction reads the static property into x and
pushes !(x) onto the stack.
IsNullC [C] -> [C:Bool]
IsBoolC [C] -> [C:Bool]
IsIntC [C] -> [C:Bool]
IsDoubleC [C] -> [C:Bool]
IsStringC [C] -> [C:Bool]
IsArrayC [C] -> [C:Bool]
IsObjectC [C] -> [C:Bool]
Is type. This instruction first loads a type into t as given by the following
table:
instruction t
-------------+------
IsNullC | Null
IsBoolC | Bool
IsIntC | Int
IsDoubleC | Dbl
IsStringC | Str
IsArrayC | Arr
IsObjectC | Obj
If $1 is of type t, this instruction pushes true onto the stack, otherwise it
pushes false.
IsNullL <local variable id> [] -> [C:Bool]
IsBoolL <local variable id> [] -> [C:Bool]
IsIntL <local variable id> [] -> [C:Bool]
IsDoubleL <local variable id> [] -> [C:Bool]
IsStringL <local variable id> [] -> [C:Bool]
IsArrayL <local variable id> [] -> [C:Bool]
IsObjectL <local variable id> [] -> [C:Bool]
Is type. This instruction first loads a type into t and a value into x as
given by the following table:
instruction t x
-------------+------+-------
IsNullL | Null | true
IsBoolL | Bool | false
IsIntL | Int | false
IsDoubleL | Dbl | false
IsStringL | Str | false
IsArrayL | Arr | false
IsObjectL | Obj | false
If the local variable given by %1 is defined, this pushes true onto the stack
if the local variable is of type t, otherwise it pushes false.
If the local variable given by %1 is not defined, this instruction raises a
warning and pushes x onto the stack.
7. Mutator instructions
-----------------------
SetL <local variable id> [C] -> [C]
Set local. This instruction marks the local variable given by %1 as defined,
stores the value $1 into the local variable, and then pushes $1 onto the
stack.
SetN [C C] -> [C]
Set local. This instruction marks the local variable named (string)$2 as
defined, assigns the value $1 to the local variable, and then pushes $1 onto
the stack.
SetG [C C] -> [C]
Set global. This instruction marks the global variable named (string)$2 as
defined, assigns the value $1 to the global variable, and then pushes $1 onto
the stack.
SetS [C A C] -> [C]
Set static property. First this instruction checks if class $2 has an
accessible static property named (string)$3. If it doesn't, this instruction
throws a fatal error. Otherwise, this instruction assigns the value $1 to the
static property, and then it pushes $1 onto the stack.
SetOpL <local variable id> <op> [C] -> [C]
Set op local. If the local variable given %1 is not defined, this instruction
marks it as defined, sets it to null, and raises a warning.
Next, this instruction reads the local variable into x, then executes y = x
<op> $1, assigns y into local variable %1, and then pushes y onto the stack.
The immediate value must be one of the following opcodes:
Add, Sub, Mul, Div, Mod, Shl, Shr, Concat, BitAnd, BitOr, BitXor.
SetOpN <op> [C C] -> [C]
Set op local. This instruction first computes x = (string)$2. If the local
variable named n is not defined, this instruction marks it as defined, sets
it to null, and raises a warning.
Next, this instruction reads the local variable named x into y, executes
z = y <op> $1, assigns z into the local variable named x, and then pushes z
onto the stack as a cell. The immediate value must be one of the following
opcodes:
Add, Sub, Mul, Div, Mod, Shl, Shr, Concat, BitAnd, BitOr, BitXor.
SetOpG <op> [C C] -> [C]
Set op global. This instruction first computes x = (string)$2. If the global
variable named n is not defined, this instruction marks it as defined, sets
it to null, and raises a warning.
Next, this instruction reads the global variable named x into y, executes
z = y <op> $1, assigns z into the global variable named x, and then pushes z
onto the stack as a cell. The immediate value must be one of the following
opcodes:
Add, Sub, Mul, Div, Mod, Shl, Shr, Concat, BitAnd, BitOr, BitXor.
SetOpS <op> [C A C] -> [C]
Set op static property. This instruction first computes x = (string)$3. Next
it checks if class $2 has an accessible static property named x. If it
doesn't, this instruction throws a fatal error. Otherwise, this instruction
reads the static property named x into y, executes z = y <op> $1, assigns z
into the static property, and then pushes z onto the stack. The immediate
value must be one of the following opcodes:
Add, Sub, Mul, Div, Mod, Shl, Shr, Concat, BitAnd, BitOr, BitXor.
IncDecL <local variable id> <op> [] -> [C]
Increment/decrement local. If the local variable given by %1 is not defined,
this instruction marks it as defined, sets it to null, and raises a warning.
Where x is the local given by %1, this instruction then does the following:
If op is PreInc, this instruction executes ++x and then pushes x onto the
stack as a cell.
If op is PostInc, this instruction pushes x onto the stack and then it
executes ++x.
If op is PreDec, this instruction executes --x and then pushes x onto the
stack.
If op is PostDec, this instruction pushes x onto the stack and then it
executes --x.
IncDecN <op> [C] -> [C]
IncDecG <op> [C] -> [C]
Increment/decrement. This instruction first computes x = (string)$1. Next, if
the local variable (IncDecN) or global variable (IncDecG) named x is not
defined, this instruction first defines it, sets it to null, and raises a
warning.
Where v is the local variable or global variable named x, this instruction
performs the following:
If op is PreInc, this instruction executes ++v and then pushes v onto the
stack as a cell.
If op is PostInc, this instruction pushes v onto the stack and then it
executes ++v.
If op is PreDec, this instruction executes --v and then pushes v onto the
stack.
If op is PostDec, this instruction pushes v onto the stack and then it
executes --v.
IncDecS <op> [C A] -> [C]
Increment/decrement static property. This instruction first computes
x = (string)$2. Next it checks if class $1 has an accessible static property
named x. If it doesn't, this instruction throws a fatal error.
Where s is the static property named x, this instruction performs the
following:
If op is PreInc, this instruction increments the ++s and then pushes s onto
the stack.
If op is PostInc, this instruction pushes s onto the stack and then it
executes ++s.
If op is PreDec, this instruction executes --s and then pushes s onto the
stack.
If op is PostDec, this instruction pushes s onto the stack and then it
executes --s.
BindL <local variable id> [V] -> [V]
Bind local. This instruction marks the local variable given by %1 as defined,
binds the local variable to $1, and pushes $1 onto the stack.
BindN [C V] -> [V]
Bind local. This instruction marks the local variable named (string)$2 as
defined, binds the local variable to $1, and pushes $1 onto the stack.
BindG [C V] -> [V]
Bind global. This instruction marks the global variable named (string)$2 as
defined, binds the global variable to $1, and pushes $1 onto the stack.
BindS [C A V] -> [V]
Bind static property. This instruction first checks if class $2 has an
accessible static property named (string)$3. If it doesn't, this instruction
throws a fatal error. Otherwise, this instrution binds the static property
to $1, and pushes $1 onto the stack.
UnsetL <local variable id> [] -> []
Unset local. Breaks any bindings the local variable given by %1 may have and
marks the local variable as undefined.
UnsetN [C] -> []
Unset local. This instruction breaks any bindings the local variable named
(string)$1 may have and marks the local variable as undefined.
UnsetG [C] -> []
Unset global. This instruction breaks any bindings the global variable named
(string)$1 may have and marks the global variable as undefined.
8. Call instructions
--------------------
FPushFunc <num params> [C] -> []
FPushFuncD <num params> <litstr id> [] -> []
FPI push function. First, these instructions load a value into x as given by
the following table:
instruction x
--------------+----
FPushFunc | $1
FPushFuncD | %2
If x is a string, this instruction attempts to lookup a function named x. If
no function named x is defined, this instruction throws a fatal error.
Otherwise this instruction pushes a new entry on the FPI stack, initializing
it with the number of parameters being passed (given by %1) and a reference
to the FPI structure for the function named x.
If x is an object, this instruction checks if the object has an __invoke
method. If the object does not have an __invoke method, this instruction
throws a fatal error. Otherwise this instruction pushes a new entry on the
FPI stack, intializing it with the number of parameters being passed (given
by %1) and a reference to the FPI structure for the __invoke method from
object x.
If x is not a string or object, this instruction throws a fatal error.
FPushObjMethod <num params> [C C] -> []
FPushObjMethodD <num params> <litstr id> [C] -> []
FPI push object-based method. First, these instructions load values into x
and y as given by the following table:
instruction x y
-------------------+----+-----
FPushObjMethod | $2 | $1
FPushObjMethodD | $1 | %2
If x is not an object or if y is not a string, this instruction throws a
fatal error. Next, this instruction checks if object x has an accessible
method named y. If it does, this instruction pushes a new entry on the FPI
stack, initializing it with the number of parameters being passed (given by
%1) and a reference to the FPI structure for the method named y from object x.
If object x does not have an accessible method named y, this instruction
checks if object x has a __call method. If a __call method is found, this
instruction pushes a new entry on the FPI stack, initializing it with the
number of parameters being passed (given by %1) and a reference to the FPI
structure for the __call from object x, and stores the original name y in the
FPI stack entry.
If object x does not have an accessible method named y and it does not have a
__call method, this instruction throws a fatal error.
FPushClsMethod <num params> [C A] -> []
FPushClsMethodF <num params> [C A] -> []
FPushClsMethodD <num params> <litstr id> <litstr id> [] -> []
FPI push class-based method. First, these instructions load values into x and
y as given by the following table:
instruction x y
-------------------+----+-----
FPushClsMethod | $1 | $2
FPushClsMethodF | $1 | $2
FPushClsMethodD | %3 | %2
When loading %3 into x, FPushClsMethodD will perform the work performed by
the AGetC instruction to convert the name given by %3 into a classref.
If y is not a string, this instruction throws a fatal error. Next, this
instruction checks if class x has an accessible method named y. If class x
has a method named y. If it does, this instruction pushes a new entry on the
FPI stack, initializing it with the number of parameters being passed (given
by %1) and a reference to the FPI structure for the method named y from class
x.
If class x does not have an accessible method named y, this instruction
checks if the current function's $this is non-null, if the class of $this
is the same or derived from class x, and if $this has a __call method. If no
suitable __call method is found, this instruction will check if class x has a
__callStatic method. If a suitable __call method or a __callStatic method is
found, this instruction pushes a new entry on the FPI stack, initializing it
with the number of parameters being passed (given by %1) and a reference to
the FPI structure for the __call or __callStatic method that was found,
and stores the original name y in the FPI stack entry.
If class x does not have an accessible method named y, and if a suitable
__call method or a __callStatic method could not be found, this instruction
throws a fatal error.
FPushCtor <num params> [A] -> [C]
FPushCtorD <num params> <litstr id> [] -> [C]
FPI push constructor. First, these instructions load a value into x as given
by the following table:
instruction x
--------------+----
FPushCtor | $1
FPushCtorD | %2
When loading %2 into x, FPushCtorD will perform the work performed by the
AGetC instruction to convert the name given by %2 into a classref.
This instruction pushes an uninitialized object onto the stack (to be
initialized during FCall*) prior to entering the FPI region, then pushes a new
entry on the FPI stack, initializing it with the number of parameters being
passed (given by %1) and a reference to the FPI structure for the constructor
for class x.
FPushCuf <num params> [C] -> []
FPushCufF <num params> [C] -> []
FPI push call user function. These instructions lookup $1 as a callable, and
push a new entry onto the FPI stack. If $1 is not callable, they issue a
warning, and push an entry representing a function which does nothing, takes
no argument, and returns null.
FPushCufSafe <num params> [C C] -> [C C]
FPI push call user function. This instruction pops $1 and $2, then pushes
$1 back onto the stack. It then looks up $2 as a callable, and pushes a
new entry onto the FPI stack. If $2 is not callable, it pushes an entry
representing a function which does nothing, takes no argument, and returns
null, and in addition pushes boolean false onto the evaluation stack;
otherwise it pushes true onto the evaluation stack.
CufSafeArray [C C R] -> [C]
Pops 3 elements from the stack, and pushes array($2, $1), preserving
references.
CufSafeReturn [C C R] -> [R]
Pops 3 elements from the stack, and pushes $2 ? $1 : $3, preserving
references.
FPassC <param id> [C] -> [F]
FPassCW <param id> [C] -> [F]
FPassCE <param id> [C] -> [F]
FPI pass parameter. This instruction pushes $1 onto the stack as a cell
regardless of whether parameter %1 is pass by value or pass by reference.
If parameter %1 is pass by reference, FPassCW and FPassCE check if the
function associated with the current FPI (the callee) is an extension
function that can accept a cell for parameter %1. If this condition is not
met, FPassCW will raise a warning while FPassCE will throw a fatal error.
FPassV <param id> [V] -> [F]
FPI pass parameter. If parameter %1 is pass by value, this instruction will
unbox $1 and push it onto the stack as a cell. If parameter %1 is pass by
reference, this instruction will push $1 onto the stack as a var.
FPassR <param id> [R] -> [F]
FPI pass parameter. If $1 is a cell at run time, this instruction will behave
like FPassC. Otherwise, this instruction will behave like FPassV.
FPassL <param id> <local variable id> [] -> [F]
FPI pass local as parameter. This instruction behaves as CGetL if parameter
%1 is pass by value, or it behaves like VGetL if parameter %1 is pass by
reference.
FPassN <param id> [C] -> [F]
FPI pass local as parameter. This instruction behaves as CGetN if parameter
%1 is pass by value, or it behaves like VGetN if parameter %1 is pass by
reference.
FPassG <param id> [C] -> [F]
FPI pass global as parameter. This instruction behaves as CGetG if parameter
%1 is pass by value, or it behaves like VGetG if parameter %1 is pass by
reference.
FPassS <param id> [C A] -> [F]
FPI pass parameter. This instruction behaves as CGetS if parameter %1 is pass
by value, or it behaves like VGetS if parameter %1 is pass by reference.
FCall <num params> [F..F] -> [R]
FPI call. This instruction gets the bytecode address of the function
associated with the current FPI (the callee), transfers the top %1 values
from the stack to the callee as parameters, pops the current FPI off of the
FPI stack, and then invokes the dispatcher to call the callee. When the
callee returns, it will transfer the return value onto the caller's
evaluation stack using the R flavor.
FCallArray [F] -> [R]
FPI call with array. This instruction gets the bytecode address of the
function associated with the current FPI (the callee), transfers the
elements of $1 (which must be an array) to the callee as parameters, pops
the current FPI off of the FPI stack, and then invokes the dispatcher to
call the callee. When the callee returns, it will transfer the return value
onto the caller's evaluation stack using the R flavor.
BPassC <param id> [C] -> [F]
Pass parameter to builtin call. This opcode is expected to be emitted
only when parameter %1 is pass by value. The instruction pushes $1
onto the stack as a cell.
BPassV <param id> [V] -> [F]
Pass parameter to builtin call. This opcode is expected to be emitted
only when parameter %1 is pass by reference. The instruction pushes $1
onto the stack as a var.
FCallBuiltin <total params> <passed params> <litstr id> [F..F] -> [R]
Optimized builtin call without an ActRec. This instruction attempts to
lookup a builtin function named %3. If no function named %3 is defined,
this instruction throws a fatal error. Otherwise, this function gets
address of the builtin function named %3, transfers the top %1 values
from the stack to the callee as parameters, and then invokes the dispatcher
to call the callee. %2 denotes the number of non-default parameters pushed
onto stack by user level code. When the callee returns, it will transfer
the return value onto the caller's evaluation stack using the R flavor.
9. Member operations
--------------------
The following operations describe processes that are shared across the Member
instructions. Operations are not considered instructions; they do not have
opcodes associated with them.
Operations can produce and consume intermediate values called "bases". A "base"
is a structure that contains either a cell or a var or a reference to a memory
location that is occupied by a cell or a var. A "base" also contains a boolean
flag "StrOff" which indicates whether the base represents a string offset.
Bases are never pushed onto the evaluation stack.
For operations that create a base, the operation descriptions specify whether
the base created "contains" a value or "references" a location. In the former
case, the base created contains a cell or a var. In the latter case, the base
created contains a reference to a memory location occupied by a cell or a var.
Operations that create a base set the StrOff flag to false by default unless
indicated otherwise by the operation's description.
When a base that contains a cell is destroyed, if the cell references data then
the execution engine is responsible for honoring the data's refcount logic.
Likewise when a base that contains a var is destroyed, the execution engine is
responsible for honoring the refcount logic of the cell referenced by the var.
When a base that contains a reference to a memory location occupied by a cell
or a var is destroyed, no refcounting is required.
Some operations that take a base as input can modify that base as part of the
work performed by the operation. Such operations are said to "set" the base to
a new value. When a base that contains a cell or a reference to a memory
location occupied by a cell is set to a new value, the new value overwrites the
previous value contained in the cell (honoring the data refcount logic if the
previous value was a refcounted type). When a base that contains a var or a
reference to a memory location occupied by a var is set to the new value, the
new value is written into the cell referenced by the var, overwriting the
previous value contained in that cell (honoring the data refcount logic if the
previous value was a refcounted type). Note that for bases that contain a
reference to a memory location, "setting" the base does not change which memory
location the base references.
Operations are specified as if they directly operate on the top of the
evaluation stack in the name of consistency and clarity, but in fact their
inputs and outputs may reside elsewhere. The symbol 'B' is used in the input
descriptions and output descriptions of operations to indicate that a given
operation consumes a base as input or produces a base as output.
BaseC [C] -> [B]
Get base from value. This operation outputs a base that contains the value
given by $1.
BaseR [R] -> [B]
Get base from return value. This operation outputs a base that contains the
return value given by $1.
BaseL <local variable id> [] -> [B]
Get base from local. This operation outputs a base that references the local
given by %1. If the local is not defined, this operation outputs a base that
contains null.
BaseLW <local variable id> [] -> [B]
Get base from local. This operation outputs a base that references the local
given by %1. If the local is not defined, this operation raises a warning and
outputs a base that contains null.
BaseLD <local variable id> [] -> [B]
Get base from local. This operation outputs a base that references the local
given by %1. If the local is not defined, this operation defines it and
returns a base that references the local.
BaseLWD <local variable id> [] -> [B]
Get base from local. This operation outputs a base that references the local
variable given by %1. If the local is not defined, this operation defines it,
raises a warning, and returns a base that references the local.
BaseNC [C] -> [B]
BaseNL <local variable id> [] -> [B]
Get base from name. This operation outputs a base that references the local
variable whose name is given by (string)%1 or (string)$1. If the local is not
defined, this operation outputs a base that contains null.
BaseNCW [C] -> [B]
BaseNLW <local variable id> [] -> [B]
Get base from name. This operation outputs a base that references the local
variable whose name is given by (string)%1 or (string)$1. If the local is not
defined, this operation raises a warning and outputs a base that contains
null.
BaseNCD [C] -> [B]
BaseNLD <local variable id> [] -> [B]
Get base from name. This operation outputs a base that references the local
variable whose name is given by (string)%1 or (string)$1. If the local is not
defined, this operation defines it and returns a base that references the
local.
BaseNCWD [C] -> [B]
BaseNLWD <local variable id> [] -> [B]
Get base from name. This operation outputs a base that references the local
variable whose name is given by (string)%1 or (string)$1. If the local is not
defined, this operation defines it, raises a warning, and returns a base that
references the local.
BaseGC [C] -> [B]
BaseGL <local variable id> [] -> [B]
Get base from global name. This operation outputs a base that references the
global variable whose name is given by (string)%1 or (string)$1. If the
global is not defined, this operation produces a base that contains null.
BaseGCW [C] -> [B]
BaseGLW <local variable id> [] -> [B]
Get base from global name. This operation outputs a base that references the
global variable whose name is given by (string)%1 or (string)$1. If the
global is not defined, this operation raises a warning and outputs a base
that contains null.
BaseGCD [C] -> [B]
BaseGLD <local variable id> [] -> [B]
Get base from global name. This operation outputs a base that references the
global variable whose name is given by (string)%1 or (string)$1. If the
global is not defined, this operation defines it and returns a base that
references the global.
BaseGCWD [C] -> [B]
BaseGLWD <local variable id> [] -> [B]
Get base from global name. This operation outputs a base that references the
global variable whose name is given by (string)%1 or (string)$1. If the
global is not defined, this operation defines it, raises a warning, and
returns a base that references the global.
BaseSC [C A] -> [B]
BaseSL <local variable id> [A] -> [B]
Get base from static property. First, this operation loads a value into x as
given by the following table:
operation x
-----------+----
BaseSC | $2
BaseSL | %1
Next this operation computes y = (string)x. Then this instruction checks if
class $1 has an accessible property named y. If it does, this operation
outputs a base that references the static property. Otherwise, this operation
throws a fatal error.
ElemC [C B] -> [B]
ElemL <local variable id> [B] -> [B]
Fetch element if it exists. First, these operations load a value into x and a
base into y, as given by the following table:
operation x y
----------+----+-----
ElemC | $2 | $1
ElemL | %1 | $1
Then, if y is an array, this operation outputs a base that
references the element at index x from array y. If there is no
element at index x, this operation outputs a base that contains
null.
If y is an object that implements the ArrayAccess interface, this operation
outputs a base that contains the result of y->offsetGet(x).
If y is an object that does not implement the ArrayAccess interface,
this operation throws a fatal error.
If y is a string, this operation checks the status of the StrOff
flag of base x. If the StrOff flag is true, this instruction throws
a fatal error. Otherwise, this operation continues to compute z =
(int)x. If z >= 0 and z < strlen(z), this operation builds a new
string consisting of the character at offset z from y and outputs a
base that contains the new string with the StrOff flag set to
true. Otherwise, this operation outputs a base that contains the
empty string with the StrOff flag set to true.
If y is not a string, array, or object, this operation will output a
null base.
ElemCW [C B] -> [B]
ElemLW <local variable id> [B] -> [B]
Fetch element; warn if it doesn't exist.
First, these operations load a value into x and a base into y, as
given by the following table:
operation x y
----------+----+-----
ElemCW | $2 | $1
ElemLW | %1 | $1
If y is an array, this operation outputs a base that references the
element at index x from array y. If there is no element at index x,
this operation outputs a base that contains null and raises a
warning.
If y is an object that implements the ArrayAccess interface, this
operation outputs a base that contains the result of
y->offsetGet(x).
If y is an object that does not implement the ArrayAccess interface,
this operation throws a fatal error.
If y is a string, this operation checks the status of the StrOff
flag of base y. If the StrOff flag is true, this instruction throws
a fatal error. Otherwise, this operation continues to compute z =
(int)x. If z >= 0 and z < strlen(z), this operation builds a new
string consisting of the character at offset z from y and outputs a
base that contains the new string with the StrOff flag set to
true. Otherwise, this operation raises a warning and outputs a base
that contains the empty string with the StrOff flag set to true.
If y is not a string, array, or object, this operation will output
a null base.
ElemCD [C B] -> [B]
ElemLD <local variable id> [B] -> [B]
Fetch element; define it if it doesn't exist.
First, these operations load a value into x and a base into y, as
given by the following table:
operation x y
----------+----+-----
ElemCD | $2 | $1
ElemLD | %1 | $1
If y is an array, this operation outputs a base that references the element
at index x. If there is no element at index x, this operation creates an
element at index x, and outputs a base that references the element.
If y is an object that implements the ArrayAccess interface, this operation
outputs a base that contains the result of y->offsetGet(x).
If y is non-empty string or an object that does not implement the
ArrayAccess interface, this operation throws a fatal error.
If y is null, the empty string, or false, this operation will set y to a
new empty array, create an element at index x, and output a base that
references the element.
If y is true, integer, double, this operation raises a warning and outputs a
base that contains null.
ElemCWD [C B] -> [B]
ElemLWD <local variable id> [B] -> [B]
Fetch element; warn and define it if it doesn't exist.
First, these operations load a value into x and a base into y, as
given by the following table:
operation x y
----------+----+-----
ElemCWD | $2 | $1
ElemLWD | %1 | $1
If y is an array, this operation outputs a base that references the
element at index x. If there is no element at index x, this
operation creates an element at index x, raises a warning, and
outputs a base that references the element.
If y is an object that implements the ArrayAccess interface, this
operation outputs a base that contains the result of
y->offsetGet(x).
If y is non-empty string or an object that does not implement the
ArrayAccess interface, this operation throws a fatal error.
If y is null, the empty string, or false, this operation will set y
to a new empty array, create an element at index x, and output a
base that references the element.
If y is true, integer, or double, this operation raises a warning
and outputs a base that contains null.
ElemCU [C B] -> [B]
ElemLU <local variable id> [B] -> [B]
Fetch element for unset.
First, these operations load a value into x and a base into y, as
given by the following table:
operation x y
----------+----+-----
ElemCU | $2 | $1
ElemLU | %1 | $1
If y is an array, this operation outputs a base that references the element
at index x from array y. If there is no element at index x, this operation
outputs a base that contains null.
If y is an object that implements the ArrayAccess interface, this operation
outputs a base that contains the result of y->offsetGet(x).
If y is an object that does not implement the ArrayAccess interface, this
operation throws a fatal error.
If y is a string, this operation throws a fatal error.
If y is not a string, array, or object, this operation will output a
null base.
NewElem [B] -> [B]
Fetch new element. If $1 is an array, this operation creates a new element
with the next available numeric key in array $1 and outputs a base that
references the new element.
If $1 is an object that implements the ArrayAccess interface, this operation
outputs a base that contains the result of $1->offsetGet(null).
If $1 is a non-empty string or an object that does not implement the
ArrayAccess interface, this operation throws a fatal error.
If $1 is null, false, or the empty string, this operation sets $1 to a new
empty array, creates a new element with the next available numeric key in
array $1, and then outputs a base that references the new element.
If $1 is true, integer, or double, this operation raises a warning and
outputs a base that contains null.
PropC [C B] -> [B]
PropL <local variable id> [B] -> [B]
Fetch property if it exists.
First, these operations load a value into x and a base into y, as
given by the following table:
operation x y
----------+----+-----
PropC | $2 | $1
PropL | %1 | $1
Next, performs one of the following actions:
y is an object
y->x is visible
y->x is accessible
y has eligible __get method
y->x has been unset previously
------+---------------------------------------------------------------------
0XXXX | push null
10X0X | push null
10X1X | push ref(y->__get(x))
1100X | throw fatal error
1101X | push ref(y->__get(x))
111X0 | push ref(y->x)
11101 | push null
11111 | push ref(y->__get(x))
PropCW [C B] -> [B]
PropLW <local variable id> [B] -> [B]
Fetch property; warn if it doesn't exist.
First, these operations load a value into x and a base into y, as
given by the following table:
operation x y
----------+----+-----
PropCW | $2 | $1
PropLW | %1 | $1
Next, performs one of the following actions:
y is an object
y->x is visible
y->x is accessible
y has eligible __get method
y->x has been unset previously
-----+----------------------------------------------------------------------
0XXXX | raise warning; push null
10X0X | raise warning; push null
10X1X | push ref(y->__get(x))
1100X | throw fatal error
1101X | push ref(y->__get(x))
111X0 | push ref(y->x)
11101 | raise warning; push null
11111 | push ref(y->__get(x))
PropCD [C B] -> [B]
PropLD <local variable id> [B] -> [B]
Fetch property; define it if it doesn't exist.
First, these operations load a value into x and a base into y, as
given by the following table:
operation x y
----------+----+-----
PropCD | $2 | $1
PropLD | %1 | $1
Next, performs one of the following actions:
y is an object
y is null/false/""
y->x is visible
y->x is accessible
y has eligible __get method
y->x has been unset previously
------+---------------------------------------------------------------------
00XXXX | push null
01XXXX | y = new stdclass; create property y->x; push ref(y->x)
1X0X0X | create property y->x; push ref(y->x)
1X0X1X | push ref(y->__get(x))
1X100X | throw fatal error
1X101X | push ref(y->__get(x))
1X11X0 | push ref(y->x)
1X1101 | re-create property y->x, push ref(y->x)
1X1111 | push ref(y->__get(x))
PropCWD [C B] -> [B]
PropLWD <local variable id> [B] -> [B]
Fetch property; warn and define it if it doesn't exist.
First, these operations load a value into x and a base into y, as
given by the following table:
operation x y
----------+----+-----
PropCWD | $2 | $1
PropLWD | %1 | $1
Next, performs one of the following actions:
y is an object
y is null/false/""
y->x is visible
y->x is accessible
y has eligible __get method
y->x has been unset previously
------+---------------------------------------------------------------------
00XXXX | raise warning; push null
01XXXX | raise warning; y = new stdclass; create property y->x;
| push ref(y->x)
1X0X0X | raise warning; create property y->x; push ref(y->x)
1X0X1X | push ref(y->__get(x))
1X100X | throw fatal error
1X101X | push ref(y->__get(x))
1X11X0 | push ref(y->x)
1X1101 | re-create property y->x, push ref(y->x)
1X1111 | push ref(y->__get(x))
PropCU [C B] -> [B]
PropLU <local variabld id> [B] -> [B]
Fetch property for unset.
First, these operations load a value into x and a base into y, as
given by the following table:
operation x y
----------+----+-----
PropCW | $2 | $1
PropLW | %1 | $1
Next, performs one of the following actions:
y is an object
y->x is visible
y->x is accessible
y has eligible __get method
y->x has been unset previously
-----+----------------------------------------------------------------------
0XXXX | push null
10XXX | create property y->x; push ref(y->x)
110XX | throw fatal error
111X0 | push ref(y->x)
111X1 | re-create property y->x, push ref(y->x)
CGetElemC [C B] -> [C]
CGetElemL <local variable id> [B] -> [C]
Get element as cell.
These instructions first load a value into x and a base into y, as
given by the following table:
operation x y
------------+----+-----
CGetElemC | $2 | $1
CGetElemL | %1 | $1
If y is an array, this operation retrieves the element at index x from
array y and pushes it onto the stack as a cell. If there is no element at
index x, this operation raises a warning and pushes null onto the stack.
If y is an object that implements the ArrayAccess interface, this operation
pushes x->offsetGet($2) onto the stack.
If y is an object that does not implement the ArrayAccess interface, this
operation throws a fatal error.
If y is a string, this operation checks the status of the StrOff flag of
base y. If the StrOff flag is true, this operation throws a fatal error.
Otherwise this operation continues to compute z = (int)x. If z >= 0 and
z < strlen(z), this operation builds a new string consisting of the character
at offset z from y and pushes it onto the stack. Otherwise, this operation
raises a warning and pushes the empty string onto the stack.
If y is not a string, array, or object, this operation will push null onto
the stack.
VGetElemC [C B] -> [V]
VGetElemL <local variable id> [B] -> [V]
Get element as var.
These instructions first load a value into x and a base into y, as
given by the following table:
operation x y
------------+----+-----
VGetElemC | $2 | $1
VGetElemL | %1 | $1
If y is an array, this operation retrieves the element at index x from
array y and pushes it onto the stack as a var. If there is no element at
index x, this operation creates a new element at index x, and pushes it
onto the stack as a var.
If y is an object that implements the ArrayAccess interface, this operation
pushes y->offsetGet(x) onto the stack as a var.
If y is a non-empty string or an object that does not implement the
ArrayAccess interface, this operation throws a fatal error.
If y is null, false, or the empty string, this operation sets y to a new
empty array. Then this operation retrieves the element at index x from array
y and pushes it onto the stack as a var. If there is no element at index x,
this operation creates a new element at index x, and pushes it onto the
stack as a var.
If y is true, integer, or double, this operation raises a warning and
pushes null onto the stack.
IssetElemC [C B] -> [C:Bool]
IssetElemL <local variable id> [B] -> [C:Bool]
Isset element.
These instructions first load a value into x and a base into y, as
given by the following table:
operation x y
------------+----+-----
IssetElemC | $2 | $1
IssetElemL | %1 | $1
If y is an array, this operation pushes !is_null(y[x]) onto the stack.
If y is an object that implements the ArrayAccess interface, this operation
pushes y->offsetExists(x) onto the stack.
If y is an object that does not implement the ArrayAccess interface, this
operation throws a fatal error.
If y is a string, this operation first checks the status of the StrOff flag
of base y. If the StrOff flag is true, this operation pushes false.
Otherwise this operation continues to compute x = (int)x and then it pushes
(x >= 0 && x < strlen(y)) onto the stack.
If y is a not a string, array, or object, this operation pushes false onto
the stack.
EmptyElemC [C B] -> [C]
EmptyElemL <local variable id> [B] -> [C]
Empty element.
These instructions first load a value into x and a base into y, as
given by the following table:
operation x y
------------+----+-----
EmptyElemC | $2 | $1
EmptyElemL | %1 | $1
If y is an array, this operation pushes !(y[x]) onto the stack.
If y is an object that implements the ArrayAccess interface, this operation
first calls y->offsetExists(x); if that returns false this operation pushes
true onto the stack, otherwise it pushes !(y->offsetGet(x)) onto the stack.
If y is an object that does not implement the ArrayAccess interface, this
operation throws a fatal error.
If y is a string, this operation first checks the status of the StrOff flag
of base y. If the StrOff flag is true, this operation pushes true.
Otherwise this operation computes z = (int)x, then pushes true if
(z < 0 || z >= strlen(y)), !(y[z]) otherwise.
If y is, not an array, object, or string, this operation pushes true onto
the stack.
SetElemC [C C B] -> [C]
Set element. If $1 is an array, this operation executes $1[$3] = $2 and then
pushes $2 onto the stack.
If $1 is an object that implements the ArrayAccess interface, this operation
executes $1->offsetSet($3, $2) and then pushes $2 onto the stack.
If $1 is an object that does not implement the ArrayAccess interface, this
operation throws a fatal error.
If $1 is null, the empty string, or false, this operation sets $1 to a new
empty array, executes $1[$3] = $2, and then pushes $2 onto the stack.
If $1 is a non-empty string, this operation first computes x = (int)$3. If x
is negative, this operation raises a warning and does nothing else. If x is
nonnegative, this operation appends spaces to the end of $1 as needed to
ensure that x is in bounds, then it computes y = substr((string)$2,0,1), and
then it sets the character at index x in $1 equal to y (if y is not empty) or
it sets the character at index x in $1 to "\0" (if y is empty). Then this
operation pushes y on to the stack.
If $1 is true, integer, or double, this operation raises a warning and pushes
null onto the stack as a cell.
SetElemL <local variable id> [C B] -> [C]
Set element. If $1 is an array, this operation executes $1[%1] = $2 and then
pushes $2 onto the stack.
If $1 is an object that implements the ArrayAccess interface, this operation
executes $1->offsetSet(%1, $2) and then pushes $2 onto the stack.
If $1 is an object that does not implement the ArrayAccess interface, this
operation throws a fatal error.
If $1 is null, the empty string, or false, this operation sets $1 to a new
empty array, executes $1[%1] = $2, and then pushes $2 onto the stack.
If $1 is a non-empty string, this operation first computes x = (int)%1. If x
is negative, this operation raises a warning and does nothing else. If x is
nonnegative, this operation appends spaces to the end of $1 as needed to
ensure that x is in bounds, then it computes y = substr((string)$2,0,1), and
then it sets the character at index x in $1 equal to y (if y is not empty) or
it sets the character at index x in $1 to "\0" (if y is empty). Then this
operation pushes y on to the stack.
If $1 is true, integer, or double, this operation raises a warning and pushes
null onto the stack as a cell.
SetOpElemC <op> [C C B] -> [C]
Set element op. If $1 is an array, this operation first checks $1 contains
an element at offset $2. If it does not, this operation creates an element
at offset $2, sets it to null, and raises a warning. Next, this operation
executes x = $1[$3], y = x <op> $2, and $1[$3] = y, and then it pushes y onto
the stack as a cell.
If $1 is null, false, or the empty string, this operation first sets $1 to
a new empty array. Then it follows the rules described in the case above.
If $1 is an object that implements the ArrayAccess interface, this
operation executes x = $1->offsetGet($3), y = x <op> $2, and
$1->offsetSet($3, y), and then it pushes y onto the stack as a cell.
If $1 is a non-empty string or an object that does not implement the
ArrayAccess interface, this operation throws a fatal error.
If $1 is true, integer, or double, this operation raises a warning and
pushes null onto the stack.
SetOpElemL <op> <local variable id> [C B] -> [C]
Set element op. If $1 is an array, this operation first checks $1 contains
an element at offset $2. If it does not, this operation creates an element
at offset $2, sets it to null, and raises a warning. Next, this operation
executes x = $1[%1], y = x <op> $2, and $1[%1] = y, and then it pushes y onto
the stack as a cell.
If $1 is null, false, or the empty string, this operation first sets $1 to
a new empty array. Then it follows the rules described in the case above.
If $1 is an object that implements the ArrayAccess interface, this
operation executes x = $1->offsetGet(%1), y = x <op> $2, and
$1->offsetSet(%1, y), and then it pushes y onto the stack as a cell.
If $1 is a non-empty string or an object that does not implement the
ArrayAccess interface, this operation throws a fatal error.
If $1 is true, integer, or double, this operation raises a warning and
pushes null onto the stack.
IncDecElemC <op> [C B] -> [C]
Increment/decrement element. If $1 is an array, this operation checks if $1
contains an element at offset $2. If it does not, this operation creates an
element at offset $2, sets it to null, and raises a warning. Next, this
operation executes x = $1[$2], y = x, and either ++y (if op is PreInc or
PostInc) or --y (if op is PreDec or PostDec). Then it assigns y to $1[$2]
and pushes either y (if op is PreInc or PreDec) or x (if op is PostInc or
PostDec) onto the stack.
If $1 is null, false, or the empty string, this operation first sets $1 to
an empty array. Then it follows the rules described in the case above.
If $1 is a non-empty string or an object that does not implement the
ArrayAccess interface, this operation throws a fatal error.
If $1 is an object that implements ArrayAccess, this operation executes
x = $1->offsetGet($2), y = x, and either ++y (if op is PreInc or PostInc) or
--y (if op is PreDec or PostDec). Then it pushes either y (if op is PreInc or
PreDec) or x (if op is PostInc or PostDec) onto the stack.
If $1 is true, integer, or double, this operation raises a warning and
pushes null onto the stack.
IncDecElemL <op> <local variable id> [B] -> [C]
Increment/decrement element. If $1 is an array, this operation checks if $1
contains an element at offset %1. If it does not, this operation creates an
element at offset %1, sets it to null, and raises a warning. Next, this
operation executes x = $1[%1], y = x, and either ++y (if op is PreInc or
PostInc) or --y (if op is PreDec or PostDec). Then it assigns y to $1[%1]
and pushes either y (if op is PreInc or PreDec) or x (if op is PostInc or
PostDec) onto the stack.
If $1 is null, false, or the empty string, this operation first sets $1 to
an empty array. Then it follows the rules described in the case above.
If $1 is a non-empty string or an object that does not implement the
ArrayAccess interface, this operation throws a fatal error.
If $1 is an object that implements ArrayAccess, this operation executes
x = $1->offsetGet(%1), y = x, and either ++y (if op is PreInc or PostInc) or
--y (if op is PreDec or PostDec). Then it pushes either y (if op is PreInc or
PreDec) or x (if op is PostInc or PostDec) onto the stack.
If $1 is true, integer, or double, this operation raises a warning and
pushes null onto the stack.
BindElemC [C V B] -> [V]
BindElemL <local variable id> [V B] -> [V]
Bind element.
This instruction first loads a value into x, from $3 or the local
referred to by %1.
If $1 is an array, this operation executes $1[x] =& $2 and pushes $2
onto the stack as a var.
If $1 is an object, this operation throws a fatal error.
If $1 is null, false, or the empty string, this operation sets $1 to a new
empty array, executes $1[x] =& $2, and pushes $2 onto the stack as a var.
If $1 is a non-empty string, this operation throws a fatal error.
If $1 is true, integer, or double, this operation raises a warning.
UnsetElemC [C B] -> []
UnsetElemL <local variable id> [B] -> []
Unset element.
These instructions first load a value into x and a base into y, as
given by the following table:
operation x y
------------+----+-----
UnsetElemL | %1 | $1
UnsetElemC | $2 | $1
If y is an array, this operation removes the element at index x
from array y.
If y is an object that implements ArrayAccess interface, this operation
executes y->offsetUnset(x).
If y is an object that does not implement the ArrayAccess interface, this
operation throws a fatal error.
If y is a string, this operation throws a fatal error.
If y is not a string, array, or object, this operation does nothing.
VGetNewElem [B] -> [V]
Get new element as var.
If $1 is an array, this operation creates a new element with the next
available numeric key in array $1 and pushes it onto the stack as a var.
If $1 is an object that implements the ArrayAccess interface, this operation
pushes $1->offsetGet($2) onto the stack as a var.
If $1 is a non-empty string or an object that does not implement the
ArrayAccess interface, this operation throws a fatal error.
If $1 is null, false, or the empty string, this operation first sets $1 to a
new empty array. Then it creates a new element with the next available
numeric key in array $1 and pushes it onto the stack as a var.
If $1 is true, integer, or double, this operation raises a warning and
pushes null onto the stack.
SetNewElem [C B] -> [C]
Set new element. If $1 is an array, this operation executes $1[] = $2 and
then pushes $2 onto the stack.
If $1 is null, false, or the empty string, this operation sets $1 to a new
empty array, and then it executes $1[] = $2 and pushes $2 onto the stack.
If $1 is a non-empty string or an object that does not implement the
ArrayAccess interface, this operation throws a fatal error.
If $1 is an object that implements the ArrayAccess interface, this operation
executes $1->offsetSet(null, $2) and then pushes $2 onto the stack.
If $1 is true, integer, or double, this operation raises a warning and
pushes null onto the stack.
SetOpNewElem <op> [C B] -> [C]
Set op new element. If $1 is an array, this operation first determines the
next available integer offset k in array $1. Next, this operation executes
$1[k] = null, x = $1[k], and y = x <op> $2. Then it assigns y to $1[k] and
pushes y onto the stack.
If $1 is null, false, or the empty string, this operation first sets $1 to
an empty array. Then it follows the rules described in the case above.
If $1 is a non-empty string or an object that does not implement the
ArrayAccess interface, this operation throws a fatal error.
If $1 is an object that implements ArrayAccess, this operation executes
x = $1->offsetGet(null), y = x <op> $2, and $1->offsetSet(null, y). Then it
pushes y onto the stack.
If $1 is true, integer, or double, this operation raises a warning and
pushes null onto the stack.
IncDecNewElem <op> [B] -> [C]
Increment/decrement new element. If $1 is an array, this operation first
determines the next available integer offset k in array $1. Next, this
operation executes $1[k] = null, x = $1[k], y = x, and either ++y (if op is
PreInc or PostInc) or --y (if op is PreDec or PostDec). Then it assigns y to
$1[k] and pushes either y (if op is PreInc or PreDec) or x (if op is PostInc
or PostDec) onto the stack.
If $1 is null, false, or the empty string, this operation first sets $1 to
an empty array. Then it follows the rules described in the case above.
If $1 is a non-empty string or an object that does not implement the
ArrayAccess interface, this operation throws a fatal error.
If $1 is an object that implements ArrayAccess, this operation executes x =
$1->offsetGet(null), y = x, and either ++y (if op is PreInc or PostInc) or
--y (if op is PreDec or PostDec). Then it pushes either y (if op is PreInc or
PreDec) or x (if op is PostInc or PostDec) onto the stack.
If $1 is true, integer, or double, this operation raises a warning and
pushes null onto the stack.
BindNewElem [V B] -> [V]
Bind new element. If $1 is an array, this operation executes $1[] =& $2 and
then it pushes $2 onto the stack.
If $1 is null, false, or empty string, this operation sets $1 to a new empty
array, executes $1[] =& $2, and pushes $2 onto the stack.
If $1 is a non-empty string or an object, this operation throws a fatal
error.
If $1 is true, integer, or double, this operation raises a warning and
pushes null onto the stack.
CGetPropC [C B] -> [C]
CGetPropL <local variable id> [B] -> [C]
Get property as cell.
These instructions first load a value into x and a base into y, as
given by the following table:
operation x y
------------+----+-----
CGetPropC | $2 | $1
CGetPropL | %1 | $1
If y is an object that does not have an eligible __get method, this
operation first checks if y has a visible property named x. If it
does not, this operation raises a warning and pushes
null. Otherwise, this operation continues to check if the property
named x is accessible. If the property named x is accessible this
operation pushes it onto the stack as a cell, otherwise this
operation throws a fatal error.
If y is an object that has an eligible __get method, this operation
checks if y has a visible and accessible property named x. If it
does, this operation pushes the property onto the stack. Otherwise,
this operation pushes y->__get(x) onto the stack.
If y is not an object, this operation will raise a warning and push
null onto the stack.
VGetPropC [C B] -> [V]
VGetPropL <local variable id> [B] -> [V]
Get property as var.
These instructions first load a value into x and a base into y, as
given by the following table:
operation x y
------------+----+-----
VGetPropC | $2 | $1
VGetPropL | %1 | $1
If y is an object that does not have an eligible __get method, this
operation first checks if y has a visible property named x. If it
does not, this operation will create a new property named x and push
it onto the stack as a var. Otherwise this operation continues to
check if the property named x is accessible. If it the property
named x is accessible this operation pushes it onto the stack as a
var, otherwise this operation throws a fatal error.
If y is an object has an eligible __get method, this operation
checks if y has a visible and accessible property named x. If it
does, this operation pushes the property onto the stack. Otherwise,
this operation pushes y->__get(x) onto the stack.
If y is null, false, or the empty string, this operation will set y
to a new object of type stdclass, create a new property named x, and
pushes it onto the stack.
If y is true, integer, double, a non-empty string, or an array, this
operation raises a warning and pushes null.
IssetPropC [C B] -> [C:Bool]
IssetPropL <local variable id> [B] -> [C:Bool]
Isset property.
These instructions first load a value into x and a base into y, as
given by the following table:
operation x y
-------------+----+-----
IssetPropC | $2 | $1
IssetPropL | %1 | $1
If y is an object that does not have an eligible __isset method,
this operation checks if y has a visible accessible property named
x. If it does, this operation pushes !is_null(y->x) onto the
stack. Otherwise this operation pushes false onto the stack.
If y is an object that has an eligible __isset method, this operation checks
if y has a visible and accessible property named x. If it does, this
operation pushes !is_null(y->x) onto the stack. Otherwise this operation
pushes y->__isset(x) onto the stack.
If y is an array, this operation pushes !is_null(y[x]) onto the stack.
If y is not an object or array, this operation pushes false.
EmptyPropC [C B] -> [C:Bool]
EmptyPropL <local variable id> [B] -> [C:Bool]
Empty property.
These instructions first load a value into x and a base into y, as
given by the following table:
operation x y
-------------+----+-----
EmptyPropC | $2 | $1
EmptyPropL | %1 | $1
If y is an object that does not have an eligible __isset method, this
operation first checks if y has a visible and accessible property named x.
If it does, this operation pushes !(y->x) onto the stack. Otherwise this
operation pushes true onto the stack.
If y is an object that has an eligible __isset method but it does not have
an eligible __get method, this operation checks if y has a visible and
accessible property named x. If it does, this operation pushes !(y->x) onto
the stack. Otherwise this operation pushes !(y->__isset(x)) onto the stack.
If y is an object that has an eligible __isset method and an eligible __get
method, this operation checks if y has a visible and accessible property
named x. If it does, this operation pushes !(y->x) onto the stack. Otherwise
this operation continues to execute x = y->__isset(x). If x is false this
operation pushes true onto the stack, otherwise this operation pushes
!(y->__get(x)) onto the stack.
If y is an array, this operation pushes !(y[x]) onto the stack.
If y is not an object or array, this operation pushes true.
SetPropC [C C B] -> [C]
SetPropL <local variable id> [C B] -> [C]
Set property. Perform one of the following actions:
First, these operations load values into k and x, and a base into y,
as given by the following table:
operation k x y
----------+----+----+----
SetPropC | $3 | $2 | $1
SetPropL | %1 | $2 | $1
Next, performs one of the following actions:
y is an object
y is null/false/""
y->k is visible
y->k is accessible
y has eligible __set method
y->k has been unset previously
------+---------------------------------------------------------------------
00XXXX | raise warning; push null
01XXXX | y = new stdclass; y->k = x; push x
1X0X0X | create property y->k; y->k = x; push x
1X0X1X | y->__set(k, x); push x
1X100X | throw fatal error
1X101X | y->__set(k, x); push x
1X11X0 | y->k = x; push x
1X1101 | re-create property y->k; y->k = x; push x
1X1111 | y->__set(k, x); push x
SetOpPropC <op> [C C B] -> [C]
Set op property. Perform one of the following actions:
$1 is an object
$1 is null/false/""
$1->$3 is visible
$1->$3 is accessible
$1 has eligible __get method
$1 has eligible __set method
$1->$3 has been unset previously
-------+--------------------------------------------------------------------
00XXXXX | raise warning; push null
01XXXXX | $1 = new stdclass; y = null <op> $2; $1->$3 = y; push y
100X0XX | y = null <op> $2; $1->$3 = y; push y
100X10X | x = $1->__get($3); y = x <op> $2; $1->$3 = y; push y
100X11X | x = $1->__get($3); y = x <op> $2; $1->__set($3, y), push y
10100XX | throw fatal error
101010X | throw fatal error
101011X | x = $1->__get($3); y = x <op> $2; $1->__set($3, y), push y
1011XX0 | x = $1->$3; y = x <op> $2; $1->$3 = y; push y
10110X1 | y = null <op> $2; re-create $1->$3; $1->$3 = y; push y
1011101 | x = $1->__get($3); y = x <op> $2; re-create $1->$3; $1->$3 = y;
| push y
1011111 | x = $1->__get($3); y = x <op> $2; $1->__set($3, y); push y
SetOpPropL <op> <local variable id> [C B] -> [C]
Set op property. Perform one of the following actions, where k is
the value of the local given by %2.
$1 is an object
$1 is null/false/""
$1->k is visible
$1->k is accessible
$1 has eligible __get method
$1 has eligible __set method
$1->k has been unset previously
-------+--------------------------------------------------------------------
00XXXXX | raise warning; push null
01XXXXX | $1 = new stdclass; y = null <op> $2; $1->k = y; push y
100X0XX | y = null <op> $2; $1->k = y; push y
100X10X | x = $1->__get(k); y = x <op> $2; $1->k = y; push y
100X11X | x = $1->__get(k); y = x <op> $2; $1->__set(k, y), push y
10100XX | throw fatal error
101010X | throw fatal error
101011X | x = $1->__get(k); y = x <op> $2; $1->__set(k, y), push y
1011XX0 | x = $1->k; y = x <op> $2; $1->k = y; push y
10110X1 | y = null <op> $2; re-create $1->k; $1->k = y; push y
1011101 | x = $1->__get(k); y = x <op> $2; re-create $1->k; $1->k = y;
| push y
1011111 | x = $1->__get(k); y = x <op> $2; $1->__set(k, y); push y
IncDecPropC <op> [C B] -> [C]
Increment/decrement property. Perform one of the following actions:
$1 is an object
$1 is null/false/""
$1->$2 is visible
$1->$2 is accessible
$1 has eligible __get method
$1 has eligible __set method
$1->$2 has been unset previously
-------+--------------------------------------------------------------------
00XXXXX | raise warning; push null
01XXXXX | $1 = new stdclass; x = null; y = x; <op>y; $1->$2 = y;
| push y (Pre*) or x (Post*)
100X0XX | x = null; y = x; <op>y; $1->$2 = y; push y (Pre*) or x (Post*)
100X10X | x = $1->__get($2); y = x; <op>y; $1->$2 = y;
| push y (Pre*) or x (Post*)
100X11X | x = $1->__get($2); y = x, <op>y; $1->__set($2, y);
| push y (Pre*) or x (Post*)
10100XX | throw fatal error
101010X | throw fatal error
101011X | x = $1->__get($2); y = x, <op>y; $1->__set($2, y);
| push y (Pre*) or x (Post*)
1011XX0 | x = $1->$2; y = x; <op>y; $1->$2 = y; push y (Pre*) or x (Post*)
10110X1 | x = null; y = x; <op>y; re-create $1->$2; $1->$2 = y;
| push y (Pre*) or x (Post*)
1011101 | x = $1->__get($2); y = x; <op>y; re-create $1->$2; $1->$2 = y;
| push y (Pre*) or x (Post*)
1011111 | x = $1->__get($2); y = x; <op>y; $1->__set($2, y);
| push y (Pre*) or x (Post*)
IncDecPropL <op> <local variable id> [B] -> [C]
Increment/decrement property. Perform one of the following actions,
where k is the value of the local variable given by %2.
$1 is an object
$1 is null/false/""
$1->k is visible
$1->k is accessible
$1 has eligible __get method
$1 has eligible __set method
$1->k has been unset previously
-------+--------------------------------------------------------------------
00XXXXX | raise warning; push null
01XXXXX | $1 = new stdclass; x = null; y = x; <op>y; $1->k = y;
| push y (Pre*) or x (Post*)
100X0XX | x = null; y = x; <op>y; $1->k = y; push y (Pre*) or x (Post*)
100X10X | x = $1->__get(k); y = x; <op>y; $1->k = y;
| push y (Pre*) or x (Post*)
100X11X | x = $1->__get(k); y = x, <op>y; $1->__set(k, y);
| push y (Pre*) or x (Post*)
10100XX | throw fatal error
101010X | throw fatal error
101011X | x = $1->__get(k); y = x, <op>y; $1->__set(k, y);
| push y (Pre*) or x (Post*)
1011XX0 | x = $1->k; y = x; <op>y; $1->k = y; push y (Pre*) or x (Post*)
10110X1 | x = null; y = x; <op>y; re-create $1->k; $1->k = y;
| push y (Pre*) or x (Post*)
1011101 | x = $1->__get(k); y = x; <op>y; re-create $1->k; $1->k = y;
| push y (Pre*) or x (Post*)
1011111 | x = $1->__get(k); y = x; <op>y; $1->__set(k, y);
| push y (Pre*) or x (Post*)
BindPropC [C V B] -> [V]
Bind property. If $1 is an object that does not have an eligible __set method,
this operation first checks if $1 has a visible property named $3. If it does
not, this operation creates a new property named $3, executes $1->$3 =& $2,
and pushes $2 onto the stack. Otherwise, this operation continues to check if
the property named $3 is accessible. If the property named $3 is not
accessible, this operation throws a fatal error. Otherwise, this operation
executes $1->$3 =& $2 and pushes $2 onto the stack.
If $1 is an object that has an eligible __set method, this operation checks
if $1 has a visible and accessible property named $3. If it does, this
operation follows the rules described in the first case given above.
Otherwise this operation throws a fatal error.
If $1 is null, false, or empty string, this operation sets $1 to a new object
of type stdclass, executes $1->$3 =& $2, and pushes $2 onto the stack.
If $1 is true, integer, double, a non-empty string, or an array, this
operation raises a warning and pushes null onto the stack.
BindPropL <local variable id> [V B] -> [V]
Bind property. Where k is the value of the local variable given by %1:
If $1 is an object that does not have an eligible __set method,
this operation first checks if $1 has a visible property named k. If it does
not, this operation creates a new property named k, executes $1->k =& $2,
and pushes $2 onto the stack. Otherwise, this operation continues to check if
the property named k is accessible. If the property named k is not
accessible, this operation throws a fatal error. Otherwise, this operation
executes $1->k =& $2 and pushes $2 onto the stack.
If $1 is an object that has an eligible __set method, this operation checks
if $1 has a visible and accessible property named k. If it does, this
operation follows the rules described in the first case given above.
Otherwise this operation throws a fatal error.
If $1 is null, false, or empty string, this operation sets $1 to a new object
of type stdclass, executes $1->k =& $2, and pushes $2 onto the stack.
If $1 is true, integer, double, a non-empty string, or an array, this
operation raises a warning and pushes null onto the stack.
UnsetPropC [C B] -> []
UnsetPropL <local variable id> [B] -> []
Unset property.
These instructions first load a value into x and a base into y, as
given by the following table:
operation x y
-------------+----+-----
UnsetPropC | $2 | $1
UnsetPropL | %1 | $1
Next, performs one of the following actions:
y is an object
y->x is visible
y->x is accessible
y has eligible __unset method
-----+----------------------------------------------------------------------
0XXX | do nothing
10X0 | do nothing
10X1 | y->__unset(x)
1100 | throw fatal error
1101 | y->__unset(x)
111X | unset(y->x)
10. Member instructions
-----------------------
Member instructions perform series of operations that are structurally
identical, but each instruction utilizes a distinct set of operations. For each
member instruction, first use a Base* operation depending on the kind of
location code. Next perform a series of intermediate operations depending on
member code to process all but the last member. Finally, perform a final
operation depending on member code to process the last member. See the
instruction-specific tables for details.
The member codes that represent immediate literal data (ET, EI, PT) are
implemented using the corresponding EC or PC intermediate operation: they
behave exactly as though that literal data had been pushed on the stack as a
cell, then consumed by an ElemC* or PropC* operation.
CGetM <loc-desc/M-vector> [C..C] -> [C]
Get member as cell.
location Base* member intermediate final
descriptor operation code operation operation
-----------+---------- -------+--------------+----------
C | BaseC EC | ElemCW | CGetElemC
R | BaseR PC | PropCW | CGetPropC
L | BaseLW EL | ElemLW | CGetElemL
NC | BaseNCW PL | PropLW | CGetPropL
NL | BaseNLW W | N/A | N/A
GC | BaseGCW
GL | BaseGLW
SC | BaseSC
SL | BaseSL
VGetM <loc-desc/M-vector> [C..C] -> [V]
Get member as var.
location Base* member intermediate final
descriptor operation code operation operation
-----------+---------- -------+--------------+------------
C | BaseC EC | ElemCD | VGetElemC
R | BaseR PC | PropCD | VGetPropC
L | BaseLD EL | ElemLD | VGetElemL
NC | BaseNCD PL | PropLD | VGetPropL
NL | BaseNLD W | NewElem | VGetNewElem
GC | BaseGCD
GL | BaseGLD
SC | BaseSC
SL | BaseSL
FPassM <param id> <loc-desc/M-vector> [C..C] -> [F]
FPI pass parameter. This instruction behaves as CGetM if parameter
%1 is pass by value, or it behaves like VGetM if parameter %1 is
pass by reference. Then it passes the value produced to the callee.
IssetM <loc-desc/M-vector> [C..C] -> [C:Bool]
Isset member.
location Base* member intermediate final
descriptor operation code operation operation
-----------+---------- -------+--------------+-----------
C | BaseC EC | ElemC | IssetElemC
R | BaseR PC | PropC | IssetPropC
L | BaseL EL | ElemL | IssetElemL
NC | BaseNC PL | PropL | IssetPropL
NL | BaseNL W | N/A | N/A
GC | BaseGC
GL | BaseGL
SC | BaseSC
SL | BaseSL
EmptyM <loc-desc/M-vector> [C..C] -> [C:Bool]
Empty member.
location Base* member intermediate final
descriptor operation code operation operation
-----------+---------- -------+--------------+-----------
C | BaseC EC | ElemC | EmptyElemC
R | BaseR PC | PropC | EmptyPropC
L | BaseL EL | ElemL | EmptyElemL
NC | BaseNC PL | PropL | EmptyPropL
NL | BaseNL W | N/A | N/A
GC | BaseGC
GL | BaseGL
SC | BaseSC
SL | BaseSL
SetM <loc-desc/M-vector> [C..C C] -> [C]
Set member.
location Base* member intermediate final
descriptor operation code operation operation
-----------+---------- -------+--------------+-----------
C | BaseC EC | ElemCD | SetElemC
R | BaseR PC | PropCD | SetPropC
L | BaseLD EL | ElemLD | SetElemL
NC | BaseNCD PL | PropLD | SetPropL
NL | BaseNLD W | NewElem | SetNewElem
GC | BaseGCD
GL | BaseGLD
SC | BaseSC
SL | BaseSL
SetOpM <op> <loc-desc/M-vector> [C..C C] -> [C]
Set op member.
location Base* member intermediate final
descriptor operation code operation operation
-----------+---------- -------+--------------+-------------
C | BaseC EC | ElemCWD | SetOpElemC
R | BaseR PC | PropCWD | SetOpPropC
L | BaseLWD EL | ElemLWD | SetOpElemL
NC | BaseNCWD PL | PropLWD | SetOpPropL
NL | BaseNLWD W | NewElem | SetOpNewElem
GC | BaseGCWD
GL | BaseGLWD
SC | BaseSC
SL | BaseSL
IncDecM <op> <loc-desc/M-vector> [C..C] -> [C]
Increment/decrement member.
location Base* member intermediate final
descriptor operation code operation operation
-----------+---------- -------+--------------+--------------
C | BaseC EC | ElemCWD | IncDecElemC
R | BaseR PC | PropCWD | IncDecPropC
L | BaseLWD EL | ElemLWD | IncDecElemL
NC | BaseNCWD PL | PropLWD | IncDecPropL
NL | BaseNLWD W | NewElem | IncDecNewElem
GC | BaseGCWD
GL | BaseGLWD
SC | BaseSC
SL | BaseSL
BindM <loc-desc/M-vector> [C..C V] -> [V]
Bind member.
location Base* member intermediate final
descriptor operation code operation operation
-----------+---------- -------+--------------+------------
C | BaseC EC | ElemCD | BindElemC
R | BaseR PC | PropCD | BindPropC
L | BaseLD EL | ElemLD | BindElemL
NC | BaseNCD PL | PropLD | BindPropL
NL | BaseNLD W | NewElem | BindNewElem
GC | BaseGCD
GL | BaseGLD
SC | BaseSC
SL | BaseSL
UnsetM <loc-desc/M-vector> [C..C] -> []
Unset member.
location Base* member intermediate final
descriptor operation code operation operation
-----------+---------- -------+--------------+-----------
C | BaseC EC | ElemCU | UnsetElemC
R | BaseR PC | PropCU | UnsetPropC
L | BaseL EL | ElemLU | UnsetElemL
NC | BaseNC PL | PropLU | UnsetPropL
NL | BaseNL W | N/A | N/A
GC | BaseGC
GL | BaseGL
SC | BaseSC
SL | BaseSL
11. Iterator instructions
-------------------------
IterInit <iterator id> <rel offset> <local id> [C] -> []
IterInitK <iterator id> <rel offset> <local id> <local id> [C] -> []
Initialize iterator. If $1 is an array, these instructions create an array
iterator, rewind the array iterator to point to the beginning of the array,
and store the array iterator in the iterator variable %1. Then these
instructions check if the iterator is at the end, and if it is, these
instructions free the iterator and transfer control to the location specified
by %2.
If $1 is an object that is an instance of an extension class that implements
the Traversable interface, these instructions create an extension class
iterator and store it in the iterator variable %1. Then these instructions
check if the iterator is at the end, and if it is these instructions free the
iterator and transfer control the location specified by %2.
If $1 is an object that implements the Iterator interface, these instructions
create an user class iterator, call $1->rewind(), and store the user class
iterator in the iterator variable %1. Then these instructions check if
$1->valid() returns false, and if it does these instructions free the iterator
and transfer control to the location specified by %2.
If $1 is an object that implements the IteratorAggregate interface, these
instructions call $1->getIterator() and inspect the object x that is
returned. If x is an instance of IteratorAggregate, these instructions will
repeatedly execute "x = x->getIterator()" until x is not an object that is an
instance of IteratorAggregate. If x is an object that implements the
Traversable interface, then this instruction will behave according to the
appropriate case described above. Otherwise, these instructions will throw an
exception of type Exception.
If $1 is an object that does not match any of the three cases above, these
instructions create a default class iterator, rewind the default class
iterator to point to the first accessible property, and store the default
class iterator in the iterator variable %1. Then these instructions check if
the iterator is at the end, and if it is these instructions free the iterator
and transfer control the location specified by %2.
If $1 is not an array or an object, these instructions raise a warning and
transfer control to the location specified by %2.
If the iterator specified by %1 is a non-mutable array iterator or an
extension class iterator, these instructions store a copy of the current
value in %3 as a cell.
If the iterator specified by %1 is a user class iterator for object $x, these
instructions store the return value of $x->current() in %3 as a cell.
If the iterator specified by %1 is a non-mutable default class iterator, these
instructions store a copy of the current property in %3 as a cell.
For the IterInitK version, the following also happens:
If the iterator specified by %1 is an array iterator or an extension class
iterator, this instruction stores a copy of the current key in %4 as a cell.
If the iterator specified by %1 is a user class iterator for object $x, this
instruction stores the return value of $x->key() in %4 as a cell.
If the iterator specified by %1 is a non-mutable default class iterator,
this instruction stores a copy of the name of the current property in %4 as a
cell.
MIterInit <iterator id> <rel offset> <local id> [V] -> []
MIterInitK <iterator id> <rel offset> <local id> <local id> [V] -> []
Initialize mutable iterator. If $1 is an array, these instructions create a
mutable array iterator, rewind the mutable array iterator to point to the
beginning of the array, and store the mutable array iterator in the iterator
variable %1. Then these instructions check if the iterator is at the end, and
if it is these instructions free the iterator and transfers control the
location specified by %2.
If $1 is an object that is an instance of an extension class that implements
the Traversable interface, these instructions raise a fatal error.
If $1 is an object that implements the Iterator interface, these instructions
throw a fatal error.
If $1 is an object that implements the IteratorAggregate interface, these
instructions throw a fatal error.
If $1 is an object that does not match any of the three cases above, these
instructions create a mutable default class iterator, rewind it to point to
the first accessible property, and store the it in the iterator variable %1.
Then these instructions check if the iterator is at the end, and if it is
these instructions free the iterator and transfer control to the location
specified by %2.
If $1 is not an array or an object, these instructions raise a warning and
transfer control to the location specified by %2.
If the iterator specified by %1 is a mutable array iterator, these
instructions store the current value in %3 as a var.
If the iterator specified by %1 is a mutable default class iterator, these
instructions store the current property in %3 as a var.
For the MIterInitK version, the following also happens:
If the iterator specified by %1 is an array iterator, this instruction
stores a copy of the current key in %4 as a cell.
If the iterator specified by %1 is a mutable default class iterator,
this instruction stores a copy of the name of the current property in %4 as a
cell.
IterNext <iterator id> <rel offset> <local id> [] -> []
IterNextK <iterator id> <rel offset> <local id> <local id> [] -> []
Iterator next. If the specified iterator is a non-mutable array iterator
or an extension class iterator, advance the iterator to point to the next
element. If the iterator is not at the end, these instructions transfer
control to the location specified by %2.
If the specified iterator is a user class iterator for object $x, this
instruction executes $x->next(). Then these instructions check if $x->valid()
returns true, and if it does these instructions transfer control to the
location specified by %2.
If the specified iterator is a non-mutable default class iterator, advance
the iterator to point to the next accessible property in the object.
If the iterator is not at the end, these instructions transfer control
to the location specified by %2.
If the specified iterator is at the end, free the iterator variable with
an implicit IterFree, then fall through to the next instruction.
If the specified iterator is not at the end, retrieve the key and value:
If the iterator specified by %1 is a non-mutable array iterator or an
extension class iterator, these instructions store a copy of the new current
value in %3 as a cell.
If the iterator specified by %1 is a user class iterator for object $x, these
instructions store the return value of $x->current() in %3 as a cell.
If the iterator specified by %1 is a non-mutable default class iterator, these
instructions store a copy of the new current property in %3 as a cell.
For the IterNextK version, the following also happens:
If the iterator specified by %1 is an array iterator or an extension class
iterator, this instruction stores a copy of the new current key in %4 as a
cell.
If the iterator specified by %1 is a user class iterator for object $x, this
instruction stores the return value of $x->key() in %4 as a cell.
If the iterator specified by %1 is a non-mutable default class iterator,
this instruction stores a copy of the name of the new current property in %4
as a cell.
MIterNext <iterator id> <rel offset> <local id> [] -> []
MIterNextK <iterator id> <rel offset> <local id> <local id> [] -> []
Iterator next. If the specified iterator is a mutable array iterator,
advance the iterator to point to the next element. If the iterator
is not at the end, these instructions transfer control to the
location specified by %2.
If the specified iterator is a mutable default class iterator, advance
the iterator to point to the next accessible property in the object.
If the iterator is not at the end, these instructions transfer control
to the location specified by %2.
If the specified iterator is at the end, free the iterator variable with
an implicit MIterFree, then fall through to the next instruction.
If the specified iterator is not at the end, retrieve the key and value:
If the iterator specified by %1 is a mutable array iterator, these
instructions store the new current value in %3 as a var.
If the iterator specified by %1 is a mutable default class iterator, these
instructions store the new current property in %3 as a var.
For the MIterNextK version, the following also happens:
If the iterator specified by %1 is an array iterator, this instruction
stores a copy of the new current key in %4 as a cell.
If the iterator specified by %1 is a mutable default class iterator,
this instruction stores a copy of the name of the new current property in %4
as a cell.
IterFree <iterator id> [] -> []
Iterator free. This instruction frees the specified iterator variable.
Typically an iterator gets freed by IterNext, so IterFree is only needed
for guarding against exceptions and implementing break and return control
flow statements inside iterator loops.
MIterFree <iterator id> [] -> []
Mutable iterator free. This instruction frees the specified iterator
variable. Typically an iterator gets freed by MIterNext*, so MIterFree is
only needed for guarding against exceptions and implementing break and
return control flow statements inside iterator loops.
12. Include, eval, and define instructions
------------------------------------------
Incl [C] -> [C]
Include. Includes the compilation unit containing the file (string)$1. The
instruction eagerly marks all functions and classes that are unconditionally
declared in the outermost scope as defined. Next this instruction calls the
pseudo-main function from the file (string)$1. The pseudo-main function
inherits the caller's variable environment. If the execution engine cannot
find a compilation unit containing the file (string)$1, this instruction
raises a warning.
InclOnce [C] -> [C]
Include once. Include the compilation unit containing the file (string)$1 if
it hasn't been included already. This instruction eagerly marks all functions
and classes that are unconditionally declared in the outermost scope as
defined, and then calls the pseudo-main function from (string)$1 if it hasn't
run already. The pseudo-main function inherits the caller's variable
environment. If the execution engine cannot find a compilation unit
containing the file (string)$1, this instruction raises a warning.
Req [C] -> [C]
Require. Includes the compilation unit containing the file (string)$1. The
instruction eagerly marks all functions and classes that are unconditionally
declared in the outermost scope as defined. Next this instruction calls the
pseudo-main function from the file (string)$1. The pseudo-main function
inherits the caller's variable environment. If the execution engine cannot
find a compilation unit containing the file (string)$1, this instruction
throws a fatal error.
ReqOnce [C] -> [C]
Require once. Include the compilation unit containing the file (string)$1 if
it hasn't been included already. This instruction eagerly marks all functions
and classes that are unconditionally declared in the outermost scope as
defined, and then calls the pseudo-main function from (string)$1 if it hasn't
run already. The pseudo-main function inherits the caller's variable
environment. If the execution engine cannot find a compilation unit
containing the file (string)$1, this instruction throws a fatal error.
ReqDoc [C] -> [C]
As ReqOnce except the string is always taken to be relative to the document
root (ie SourceRoot).
Eval [C] -> [C]
Eval. Executes the source code in (string)$1. This instruction eagerly marks
all functions and classes that are unconditionally declared in the outermost
scope as defined, and then calls the pseudo-main function from (string)$1.
The pseudo-main function from (string)$1 inherits the caller's variable
environment.
DefFunc <function id> [] -> []
Define function. Bind the function specified by %1. If the function specified
by %1 is already bound, this instruction does nothing. If another function is
already bound to the name associated with %1, this instruction throws a fatal
error.
DefCls <class id> [] -> []
Define class. Bind the class specified by %1. If the class specified by %1 is
already bound, this instruction does nothing. If another class is already
bound to the associated name, this instruction throws a fatal error.
DefCns <litstr id> [C] -> [C]
Define constant. If there is already a global constant named %1, raises a
notice and pushes false. If $1 is an array or an object, raises a notice, and
pushes false. Otherwise defines the constant named %1 to have the value $1,
and pushes true.
13. Miscellaneous instructions
------------------------------
This [] -> [C:Obj]
This. This instruction checks the current instance, and if it is null, this
instruction throws a fatal error. Next, this instruction pushes the current
instance onto the stack.
BareThis <notice> [] -> [C:Obj]
This. This instruction pushes the current instance onto the stack. If %1 is
not zero, and the current instance is null, emits a notice.
CheckThis [] -> []
Check existence of this. This instruction checks the current instance, and if
it is null, throws a fatal error.
InitThisLoc <local variable id> [] -> []
Initialize this local variable. This instruction checks the current instance,
and if it is not null this instruction stores it to the specified local
variable. If the current instance is null, this instruction does nothing.
StaticLoc <local variable id> <litstr id> [] -> [C:Bool]
Static variable. This instruction first checks if the static variable named
%2 has been marked as initialized. If the static variable has been marked as
initialized, this instruction binds the static variable to the local variable
%1 and pushes true. Otherwise, this instruction binds the static variable to
the local variable %1, marks the static variable as initialized, and pushes
false.
StaticLocInit <local variable id> <litstr id> [C] -> []
Static variable with initializer. This instruction first checks if the static
variable named %2 has been marked as initialized. If the static variable has
been marked as initialized, this instruction binds the static variable to the
local variable %1. Otherwise, this instruction binds the static variable to
the local variable, assigns $1 to the local variable, and marks the static
variable as initialized.
Catch [] -> [C:Obj]
Catch. Retrieves the current exception object and pushes it onto the stack.
This instruction may only be used at the beginning of a catch entry point.
ClassExists [C C] -> [C:Bool]
InterfaceExists [C C] -> [C:Bool]
TraitExists [C C] -> [C:Bool]
Check for class/interface/trait existence. If $1 cannot be cast to a
bool or $2 cannot be cast to a string, this instruction will throw a
fatal error. Otherwise, it will check for existence of the entity
named by $2, invoking the autoloader if needed and if $1 is
true. The result of the existence check will be pushed on the stack.
VerifyParamType <parameter id> [] -> []
Verify parameter type. Functions and methods can optionally specify the
types of arguments they will accept. These type constraints are memoized
into each function's FPI structure.
VerifyParamTypes checks the specified parameter against the enclosing
function's corresponding parameter constraints. In case of a mismatch, a
recoverable error is raised.
Self [] -> [A]
Creates a classref that refers to the class in which the current
function is defined. This instruction throws a fatal error if the
current method is defined outside of a class, otherwise it pushes a
classref on the stack.
Parent [] -> [A]
Creates a classref that refers to the parent of the class in which
the current method is defined. This instruction throws a fatal
error if the current method is defined outside of a class or if the
class in which the current method is defined has no parent,
otherwise it pushes a classref on the stack.
LateBoundCls [] -> [A]
Late-bound class. Creates a classref that refers to the current late-bound
class and pushes it onto the stack.
NativeImpl [] -> []
Native implementation. This instruction invokes the native implementation
associated with current function and returns the return value to the caller
of the current function.
IncStat <counter id> <value> [] -> []
Increment stat counter. If stats are enabled, this instruction adds
<value> to the counter specified by <counter id>. The meaning of the
<counter id> immediate is implementation defined
AKExists [C C] -> [C:Bool]
Checks if array (object) in $1 contains key (property) in $2 and
pushes the resulting boolean onto the stack. If $2 is null, uses
the empty string as key. Throws a fatal error if $1 is not an array
or object, and raises a warning if $2 is not a string, integer, or
null.
14. Continuation creation and execution
---------------------------------------
CreateCont <getargs> <function name> [] -> [C]
Creates a GenericContinuation object and pushes it on the stack. The
Continuation will capture all defined local variables in the current
function, and if the <getargs> immediate is nonzero it will also store the
result of func_get_args(). The Continuation will store a reference to the
function named by the string immediate to be used as its body.
ContEnter [] -> []
This instruction may only appear in non-static methods of the Continuation
class. It transfers control flow to the beginning of the continuation body
associated with the $this object of the Continuation object.
ContExit [] -> []
This instruction may only appear in continuation bodies. It transfers control
flow to the caller of the continuation body, which must be a non-static method
of the Continuation class.
UnpackCont [] -> [C:Int]
Unpack continuation. Unpacks variables from the Continuation object in local
0 into the containing environment. The current label of the continuation is
pushed on the stack.
PackCont <label id> [C] -> []
Pack continuation. Packs all defined local variables into the Continuation
object in local 0. The value on the top of the stack is stored in the
continuation as the result of the current iteration and the continuation's
label is set to <label id>.
ContReceive [] -> [C]
Receive continuation value. If the continuation in local 0 has a pending
exception, this instruction will throw that exception. Otherwise, the value
sent to the continuation will be pushed on the stack. The value will be no
longer referenced by the Continuation object.
ContDone [] -> []
Finish continuation. Marks the continuation in local 0 as finished. Further
attempts to iterate it will fail.
ContNext [] -> []
Prepare continuation for iteration. $this must be a Continuation
object. If the continuation is finished or already running, an exception
will be thrown.
ContSend [] -> []
Prepare continuation to receive a value. $this must be a Continuation
object. If the continuation is finished or already running, an exception will
be thrown. Otherwise, the value in local 0 is stored in the continuation.
ContRaise [] -> []
Prepare continuation to receive a thrown exception. $this must be a
Continuation object. If the continuation is finished or already running, an
exception will be thrown. Otherwise, the exception in local 0 is stored in
the continuation.
ContValid [] -> [C:Bool]
Check continuation validity. $this must be a Continuation object. Pushes true
onto the stack if the continuation can be iterated further, false otherwise.
ContCurrent [] -> [C]
Get continuation value. $this must be a Contination object. Pushes the most
recently yielded value from the continuation onto the stack.
ContStopped [] -> []
Mark continuation as stopped. $this must be a Continuation object.
ContHandle [C] -> []
Handle exception from continuation body. $this must be a Continuation
object. Marks the continuation as no longer running and finished and rethrows
the exception on the top of the stack.
Basic statement transformations
-------------------------------
To achieve HHBC's goal of making it straightforward for an interpreter or a
compiler to determine order of execution, control flow statements are
transformed to use the simpler constructs. Most control flow statements such as
"if", "while", and "for" are implemented in a straightforward manner using the
Jmp* instructions.
HHBC provides the Switch instruction for implementing very simple switch
statements; most real switch statements are implemented naively using the Eq
and JmpNZ instructions. Also, the functionality of both the echo statement and
the print statement is implemented with the Print instruction.
Foreach statements are implemented using iterator variables and the Iter* and
MIter* instructions. Each foreach loop must be protected by a fault funclet to
ensure that the iterator variable is freed when a foreach loop exits abnormally
through an exception.
Simple break statements and continue statements are implemented using the Jmp*,
IterFree, and MIterFree instructions. Dynamic break is implemented using an
unnamed local (to store the 'break count') and a chain of basic blocks, where
each block decrements the unnamed local variable and compares it with 0, and
then decides where to jump next.
Basic expression transformations
--------------------------------
To reduce the size of the instruction set, certain types of expressions are
transformed:
1) Unary plus and negation
Unary plus and negation "+(<expression>)" gets converted to
"(0 + (<expression>))", and "-(<expression>)" gets converted to
"(0 - (<expression>))".
2) Assignment-by operators (+=, -=, etc)
Assignment-by operators are converted to use the SetOp* instructions.
3) List assignment (list)
List assignments are converted to use an unnamed local variable and the SetM
and VGet* instructions. If the function contains any catch funclets, then
list assignment requires a fault funclet as well.
4) Logical and and logical or operators (and/&&, or/||)
If any of the operands side-effect, these operators are implemented using Jmp*
instructions instead of using the "and" and "or" instructions to implement
short-circuit semantics correctly. All Jmp* instructions used to implement
"and" and "or" operators will be forward jumps.
5) The new expression
The new expression is implemented by using the FPushCtor*, FPass*, and FCall
instructions.
6) The ternary operator (?:)
The functionality of the ternary operator is implemented using Jmp*
instructions. All Jmp* instructions used to implement the ternary operator will
be forward jumps.
7) Silence operator (@)
The silence operator is implemented by using various instructions (including
the Jmp* instructions), unnamed local variables, and a fault funclet. All Jmp*
instructions used to implement the silence operator will be forward jumps.
8) The $this expression
The $this expression has different effects depending on whether or not $this is
the direct base of a property expression (such as "$this->x") or a method call
expression (such as "$this->foo()"). When the $this expression is the direct
base of a property expression or a method call expression, the This instruction
is used.
A bare $this expression within an instance method is handled one of two ways:
general or BareThis-optimized (optional). The general solution accesses a
local variable named "this", which is initialized at the beginning of the
method using the InitThisLoc instruction. The BareThis optimization applies to
bare $this access as long as $this is not passed by reference and there are no
dynamic method variables. In such cases, the BareThis instruction can be used
to directly access $this, and the InitThisLoc instruction is not needed.
Warning and errors at parse time
--------------------------------
Certain syntactically correct source code may cause warnings or errors to be
raised when the source file is parsed. Examples of this include using "$this"
on the left hand side of the assignment, using "$this" with binding assignment,
using "$a[]" in an r-value context, and doing "unset($a[])". HHBC handles these
cases by generating Raise or Fatal instructions at the beginning of the body
for the pseudo-main function.
Not yet implemented
-------------------
HipHop bytecode v1 revision 16 does not implement the following:
1) Description of traits
2) Description of metadata for class statements, trait statements, and method
statements
3) Description and examples for the yield generator feature
4) Description of the late static binding feature
5) Description of the resource type
6) Definitions of operators (ex. +, -, !) and other helper functions (ex.
is_null, get_class, strlen)
7) Support for the PHP 5.3 namespace feature
Source code to HHBC examples
----------------------------
function f() { return $a = $b; }
CGetL 1
SetL 0
RetC
function f() { g($a, $b); }
FPushFuncD 2 "g"
FPassL 0 0
FPassL 1 1
FCall 2
PopR
Null
RetC
function f() { return $a + $b; }
CGetL 1
CGetL2 0
Add
RetC
function f() { echo "Hello world\n"; }
String "Hello world\n"
Print
PopC
Null
RetC
function f($a) { return $a[0]++; }
Int 0
IncDecM PostInc <L:0 EC>
RetC
function f($a, $b) { $a[4] = $b; }
Int 4
CGetL 1
SetM <L:0 EC>
PopC
Null
RetC
function f($a, $b, $i) { $a[$i] = $b; }
CGetL 1
SetM <L:0 EL:2>
PopC
Null
RetC
function f($a, $b) { return $a[4] = $b; }
Int 4
CGetL 1
SetM <L:0 EC>
RetC
function f($a, $b) { return $a[4][5] = $b[6]; }
Int 4
Int 5
Int 6
CGetM <L:1 EC>
SetM <L:0 EC EC>
RetC
function f($a, $b, $i) { return $a[$i][5] = $b[6]; }
Int 5
Int 6
CGetM <L:1 EC>
SetM <L:0 EL:2 EC>
RetC
function f($a, $b) { $a->prop = $b; }
String "prop"
CGetL 1
SetM <L:0 PC>
PopC
Null
RetC
function f() { return FOO; }
Cns "FOO"
RetC
function f() { return c::FOO; }
ClsCnsD "FOO" "c"
RetC
function f($cls) { return $cls::FOO; }
AGetL 0
ClsCns "FOO"
RetC
class c { public function f($a) { $this->prop = $a; return $this; } }
// The emitter emits the InitThisLoc instruction at the top of an instance
// method if and only if the function contains a use of "$this" that is not
// part of a property expression or a method call expression. The emitter never
// emits the InitThisLoc instruction for static methods.
InitThisLoc 1
// Evaluate "$this->prop = $a". The This instruction will throw a fatal error
// if the current instance is null.
This
String "prop"
CGetL 0
SetM <C PC>
PopC
// Return the local variable named "this"
CGetL 1
RetC
class c { static public function f($a) { $this->prop = $a; return $this; } }
// Evaluate "$this->prop = $a". The This instruction will throw a fatal error
// because this is a static method.
This
String "prop"
CGetL 0
SetM <C PC>
PopC
// Return the local variable named "this"
CGetL 1
RetC
function f($a, $b, $c, $d) {
static $foo = array(array());
return $foo[0][$c + $d] += $a + $b;
}
// Bind static variable named "foo" to local variable named "foo"
Array array(0=>array())
StaticLocInit 4 "foo"
// Evaluate $foo[0][$c + $d]
Int 0
CGetL 3
CGetL2 2
Add
// Evaluate ($a + $b)
CGetL 1
CGetL2 0
Add
// Execute $foo[0][$c + $d] += $a + $b
SetOpM OpAdd <L:4 EC EC>
RetC
function f($a) { list($x, $y, $z) = $a[7]; return $x + $y + $z; }
// Evaluate $a[7] and store it in an unnamed local
CGetM <L:0 EI:7>
SetL 4
PopC
// Read the unnamed local, get the value at index 2, and store it in $z
CGetM <L:4 EI:2>
SetL 3
PopC
// Read the unnamed local, get the value at index 1, and store it in $y
CGetM <L:4 EI:1>
SetL 2
PopC
// Read the unnamed local, get the value at index 0, and store it in $x
CGetM <L:4 EI:0>
SetL 1
PopC
// Unset the unnamed local
UnsetL 4
// Evaluate $x + $y + $z and return the result
CGetL 2
CGetL2 1
Add
CGetL 3
Add
RetC
function f(&$a, $b) {
$r = array();
$r[v()] = (list(list($a[w()], $a[x()]), list($a[y()], $a[z()])) = $b[100]);
return $r;
}
// Evaluate $r = array()
Array array()
SetL 2
PopC
// Do the first pass of evaluation for $r[v()]
FPushFuncD 0 "v"
FCall 0
UnboxR
// Do the first pass of evaluation for $a[w()]
FPushFuncD 0 "w"
FCall 0
UnboxR
// Do the first pass of evaluation for $a[x()]
FPushFuncD 0 "x"
FCall 0
UnboxR
// Do the first pass of evaluation for $a[y()]
FPushFuncD 0 "y"
FCall 0
UnboxR
// Do the first pass of evaluation for $a[z()]
FPushFuncD 0 "z"
FCall 0
UnboxR
// Evaluate $b[100] and store it in an unnamed local t
CGetM <L:1 EI:100>
SetL 3
PopC
// Read t[1][1] and store it in $a[z()]
CGetM <L:3 EI:1 EI:1>
SetM <L:0 EC>
PopC
// Read t[1][0] and store it in $a[y()]
CGetM <L:3 EI:1 EI:0>
SetM <L:0 EC>
PopC
// Read t[0][1] and store it in $a[x()]
CGetM <L:3 EI:0 EI:1>
SetM <L:0 EC>
PopC
// Read t[0][0] and store it in $a[w()]
CGetM <L:3 EI:0 EI:0>
SetM <L:0 EC>
PopC
// Read t and leave the value on the stack
CGetL 3
// Unset the unnamed local t
UnsetL 3
// Assign the output of the outer list assignment expression into $r[v()]
SetM <L:2 EC>
PopC
// Return $r
CGetL 2
RetC
function f() {
$arr1 = array(0 => 1, 2 => 5, 7 => 'foo', 'bar' => 888);
$arr2 = array(0 => 6, 2 => 8, 5 => 'yar', 'baz' => 333);
$arr3 = array_merge((list($a, , $b) = $arr1), (list($c, , $d) = $arr2));
var_dump($a, $b, $c, $d, $arr3);
}
// Evaluate $arr1 = array(0 => 1, 2 => 5, 7 => 'foo', 'bar' => 888)
Array array(0=>1,2=>5,7=>"foo","bar"=>888)
SetL 0
PopC
// Evaluate $arr2 = array(0 => 6, 2 => 8, 5 => 'yar', 'baz' => 333)
Array array(0=>6,2=>8,5=>"yar","baz"=>333)
SetL 1
PopC
// Prepare to call array_merge
FPushFuncD 2 "array_merge"
// Evaluate (list($a, , $b) = $arr1)
CGetM <L:0 EI:2>
SetL 4
PopC
CGetM <L:0 EI:0>
SetL 3
PopC
// Pass the result as the first parameter
FPassL 0 0
// Evaluate (list($c, , $d) = $arr2)
CGetM <L:1 EI:2>
SetL 6
PopC
CGetM <L:1 EI:0>
SetL 5
PopC
// Pass the result as the second parameter
FPassL 1 1
// Call array_merge
FCall 2
// Store the result in $arr3
UnboxR
SetL 2
PopC
// Evaluate var_dump($a, $b, $c, $d, $arr3)
FPushFuncD 5 "var_dump"
FPassL 0 3
FPassL 1 4
FPassL 2 5
FPassL 3 6
FPassL 4 2
FCall 5
PopR
// Return null
Null
RetC
function f() { global $foo; return ++$foo; }
// Bind global variable named "foo" to local variable named "foo"
String "foo"
VGetG
BindL 0
PopV
// Evaluate "++$foo" and return the result
IncDecL 0 PreInc
RetC
function f($name) { global $$name; return $$name++; }
// Bind global variable named $name to a local variable named $name
CGetL 0
Dup
VGetG
BindN
PopV
// Evaluate "$$name++" and return the result
CGetL 0
IncDecN PostInc
RetC
function f() { $GLOBALS['blah'] = array(2, "foo" => "bar"); }
// If a global variable is superglobal, don't bind it to a local; instead we
// access it directly
String "blah"
Array array(0=>2,"foo"=>"bar")
SetG
PopC
Null
RetC
function &f(&$x) { return $x; }
VGetL 0
RetV
function f($x) { return $x[0]->h()->prop[1]; }
Int 0
CGetM <L:0 EC>
FPushObjMethodD 0 "h"
FCall 0
String "prop"
Int 1
CGetM <R PC EC>
RetC
function f($x, $y) { return $y($x[0]->h()->prop[1]); }
CGetL 1
FPushFunc 1
Int 0
CGetM <L:0 EC>
FPushObjMethodD 0 "h"
FCall 0
String "prop"
Int 1
FPassM 0 <R PC EC>
FCall 1
UnboxR
RetC
function f() { return new c; }
FPushCtorD 0 "c"
FCall 0
PopR
RetC
function f() { return c::$d; }
String "d"
String "c"
AGetC
CGetS
RetC
function f() { return c::$d[0]; }
String "d"
Int 0
String "c"
AGetC
CGetM <SC EC>
RetC
function f($cls, $name) { $cls::$$name = g(); }
AGetL 0
FPushFuncD 0 "g"
FCall 0
UnboxR
CGetL3 1
SetS
PopC
Null
RetC
function f($cls, $name, $index) { $cls::${$name}[$index] = g(); }
AGetL 0
FPushFuncD 0 "g"
FCall 0
UnboxR
SetM <SL:1 EL:2>
PopC
Null
RetC
function f($cls, $name, $index) { $cls::$$name[$index] = g(); }
CGetM <L:1 EL:2>
AGetL 0
FPushFuncD 0 "g"
FCall 0
UnboxR
SetS
PopC
Null
RetC
function f() {
if (empty(c::$foo)) {
c::$foo = null;
c::$foo[0]->prop = 3;
}
h(c::$foo[0]->prop);
}
String "foo"
String "c"
AGetC
EmptyS
JmpZ 66
String "foo"
String "c"
AGetC
Null
SetS
PopC
String "foo"
Int 0
String "prop"
String "c"
AGetC
Int 3
SetM <SC EC PC>
PopC
FPushFuncD 1 "h"
String "foo"
Int 0
String "prop"
String "c"
AGetC
FPassM 0 <SC EC PC>
FCall 1
PopR
Null
RetC
function f($cls, $spropName) {
if (!isset($cls::$$spropName)){
$cls::$$spropName = g();
}
h($cls::$$spropName);
}
AGetL 0
CGetL2 1
IssetS
JmpNZ 20
AGetL 0
FPushFuncD 0 "g"
FCall 0
UnboxR
CGetL3 1
SetS
PopC
FPushFuncD 1 "h"
AGetL 0
CGetL2 1
FPassS 0
FCall 1
PopR
Null
RetC
class c { public static function f() { return c::g(); } }
FPushClsMethodD 0 "g" "c"
FCall 0
UnboxR
RetC
class c { public static function f() { return static::g(); } }
String "g"
LateBoundCls
FPushClsMethod 0
FCall 0
UnboxR
RetC
function f() { self::x(); }
String "x"
Self
FPushClsMethodF 0
FCall 0
PopR
Null
RetC
class c { public static function f() { return self::$x; } }
String "x"
Self
CGetS
RetC
function f() { return new parent(); }
Parent
FPushCtor 0
FCall 0
PopR
RetC
class B extends A { public static function f() { return parent::x; } }
ClsCnsD "x" "A"
RetC
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