Merge branch 'master' of https://github.com/fchollet/keras

* Added Convolution1D instead of Conv1D, which is depreceated

* updated rest of the example using Conv1D

* Python3 fails to decode utf-8 data, thus using encoding='latin-1'

* added condition for Encoding line 65-67

* Conv1D reverted back to the way it was

.travis.yml

@@ -49,9 +49,9 @@ install:
 
   # install TensorFlow
   - if [[ "$TRAVIS_PYTHON_VERSION" == "2.7" ]]; then
-      pip install https://storage.googleapis.com/tensorflow/linux/cpu/tensorflow-0.7.1-cp27-none-linux_x86_64.whl;
+      pip install https://storage.googleapis.com/tensorflow/linux/cpu/tensorflow-0.9.0-cp27-none-linux_x86_64.whl;
     elif [[ "$TRAVIS_PYTHON_VERSION" == "3.4" ]]; then
-      pip install https://storage.googleapis.com/tensorflow/linux/cpu/tensorflow-0.7.1-cp34-none-linux_x86_64.whl;
+      pip install https://storage.googleapis.com/tensorflow/linux/cpu/tensorflow-0.9.0-cp34-cp34m-linux_x86_64.whl;
     fi
 # command to run tests
 script:

README.md

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 [![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/fchollet/keras.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/fchollet/keras)
 [![PyPI version](https://badge.fury.io/py/keras.svg)](https://badge.fury.io/py/keras)
+[![license](https://img.shields.io/github/license/mashape/apistatus.svg?maxAge=2592000)](https://github.com/fchollet/keras/blob/master/LICENSE)
 
 ## You have just found Keras.
 

docker/Dockerfile

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+FROM nvidia/cuda:7.5-cudnn5-devel
+
+ENV CONDA_DIR /opt/conda
+ENV PATH $CONDA_DIR/bin:$PATH
+
+RUN mkdir -p $CONDA_DIR && \
+    echo export PATH=$CONDA_DIR/bin:'$PATH' > /etc/profile.d/conda.sh && \
+    apt-get update && \
+    apt-get install -y wget git libhdf5-dev g++ graphviz && \
+    wget --quiet https://repo.continuum.io/miniconda/Miniconda3-3.9.1-Linux-x86_64.sh && \
+    echo "6c6b44acdd0bc4229377ee10d52c8ac6160c336d9cdd669db7371aa9344e1ac3 *Miniconda3-3.9.1-Linux-x86_64.sh" | sha256sum -c - && \
+    /bin/bash /Miniconda3-3.9.1-Linux-x86_64.sh -f -b -p $CONDA_DIR && \
+    rm Miniconda3-3.9.1-Linux-x86_64.sh
+
+ENV NB_USER keras
+ENV NB_UID 1000
+
+RUN useradd -m -s /bin/bash -N -u $NB_UID $NB_USER && \
+    mkdir -p $CONDA_DIR && \
+    chown keras $CONDA_DIR -R && \
+    mkdir -p /src && \
+    chown keras /src
+
+USER keras
+
+# Python
+ARG python_version=3.5.1
+ARG tensorflow_version=0.9.0rc0-cp35-cp35m
+RUN conda install -y python=${python_version} && \
+    pip install https://storage.googleapis.com/tensorflow/linux/gpu/tensorflow-${tensorflow_version}-linux_x86_64.whl && \
+    pip install git+git://github.com/Theano/Theano.git && \
+    pip install ipdb pytest pytest-cov python-coveralls coverage==3.7.1 pytest-xdist pep8 pytest-pep8 pydot_ng && \
+    conda install Pillow scikit-learn notebook pandas matplotlib nose pyyaml six h5py && \
+    pip install git+git://github.com/fchollet/keras.git && \
+    conda clean -yt
+
+ADD theanorc /home/keras/.theanorc
+
+ENV PYTHONPATH='/src/:$PYTHONPATH'
+
+WORKDIR /src
+
+EXPOSE 8888
+
+CMD jupyter notebook --port=8888 --ip=0.0.0.0
+

docker/Makefile

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+help:
+	@cat Makefile
+
+DATA?="${HOME}/Data"
+GPU?=0
+DOCKER_FILE=Dockerfile
+DOCKER=GPU=$(GPU) nvidia-docker
+BACKEND=tensorflow
+TEST=tests/
+SRC=$(shell dirname `pwd`)
+
+build:
+	docker build -t keras --build-arg python_version=3.5 -f $(DOCKER_FILE) .
+
+bash: build
+	$(DOCKER) run -it -v $(SRC):/src -v $(DATA):/data --env KERAS_BACKEND=$(BACKEND) keras bash
+
+ipython: build
+	$(DOCKER) run -it -v $(SRC):/src -v $(DATA):/data --env KERAS_BACKEND=$(BACKEND) keras ipython
+
+notebook: build
+	$(DOCKER) run -it -v $(SRC):/src -v $(DATA):/data --net=host --env KERAS_BACKEND=$(BACKEND) keras
+
+test: build
+	$(DOCKER) run -it -v $(SRC):/src -v $(DATA):/data --env KERAS_BACKEND=$(BACKEND) keras py.test $(TEST)
+

docker/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+# Using Keras via Docker
+
+This directory contains `Dockerfile` to make it easy to get up and running with
+Keras via [Docker](http://www.docker.com/).
+
+## Installing Docker
+
+General installation instructions are
+[on the Docker site](https://docs.docker.com/installation/), but we give some
+quick links here:
+
+* [OSX](https://docs.docker.com/installation/mac/): [docker toolbox](https://www.docker.com/toolbox)
+* [ubuntu](https://docs.docker.com/installation/ubuntulinux/)
+
+## Running the container
+
+We are using `Makefile` to simplify docker commands within make commands.
+
+Build the container and start a jupyter notebook
+
+    $ make notebook
+
+Build the container and start an iPython shell
+
+    $ make ipython
+
+Build the container and start a bash
+
+    $ make bash
+
+For GPU support install NVidia drivers (ideally latest) and
+[nvidia-docker](https://github.com/NVIDIA/nvidia-docker). Run using
+
+    $ make notebook GPU=0 # or [ipython, bash]
+
+Switch between Theano and TensorFlow
+
+    $ make notebook BACKEND=theano
+    $ make notebook BACKEND=tensorflow
+
+Mount a volume for external data sets
+
+    $ make DATA=~/mydata
+
+Prints all make tasks
+
+    $ make help
+
+You can change Theano parameters by editing `/docker/theanorc`.
+
+
+Note: If you would have a problem running nvidia-docker you may try the old way
+we have used. But it is not recommended. If you find a bug in the nvidia-docker report
+it there please and try using the nvidia-docker as described above.
+
+    $ export CUDA_SO=$(\ls /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcuda.* | xargs -I{} echo '-v {}:{}')
+    $ export DEVICES=$(\ls /dev/nvidia* | xargs -I{} echo '--device {}:{}')
+    $ docker run -it -p 8888:8888 $CUDA_SO $DEVICES gcr.io/tensorflow/tensorflow:latest-gpu

docker/theanorc

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+[global]
+floatX = float32
+optimizer=None
+device = gpu
+

docs/autogen.py

@@ -88,6 +88,7 @@ EXCLUDE = {
     'Wrapper',
     'get_session',
     'set_session',
+    'CallbackList',
 }
 
 PAGES = [
@@ -146,13 +147,8 @@ PAGES = [
         'classes': [
             convolutional.Convolution1D,
             convolutional.Convolution2D,
+            convolutional.AtrousConv2D,
             convolutional.Convolution3D,
-            convolutional.MaxPooling1D,
-            convolutional.MaxPooling2D,
-            convolutional.MaxPooling3D,
-            convolutional.AveragePooling1D,
-            convolutional.AveragePooling2D,
-            convolutional.AveragePooling3D,
             convolutional.UpSampling1D,
             convolutional.UpSampling2D,
             convolutional.UpSampling3D,
@@ -161,6 +157,17 @@ PAGES = [
             convolutional.ZeroPadding3D,
         ],
     },
+    {
+        'page': 'layers/pooling.md',
+        'classes': [
+            convolutional.MaxPooling1D,
+            convolutional.MaxPooling2D,
+            convolutional.MaxPooling3D,
+            convolutional.AveragePooling1D,
+            convolutional.AveragePooling2D,
+            convolutional.AveragePooling3D,
+        ],
+    },
     {
         'page': 'layers/recurrent.md',
         'classes': [

docs/mkdocs.yml

@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ pages:
   - About Keras layers: layers/about-keras-layers.md
   - Core Layers: layers/core.md
   - Convolutional Layers: layers/convolutional.md
+  - Pooling Layers: layers/pooling.md
   - Recurrent Layers: layers/recurrent.md
   - Embedding Layers: layers/embeddings.md
   - Advanced Activations Layers: layers/advanced-activations.md

docs/templates/backend.md

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ You can also define the environment variable ``KERAS_BACKEND`` and this will
 override what is defined in your config file :
 
 ```bash
-KERAS_BACKEND=tensorflow python -c "from keras import backend; print backend._BACKEND"
+KERAS_BACKEND=tensorflow python -c "from keras import backend; print(backend._BACKEND)"
 Using TensorFlow backend.
 tensorflow
 ```

docs/templates/getting-started/faq.md

@@ -12,6 +12,8 @@
 - [How can I record the training / validation loss / accuracy at each epoch?](#how-can-i-record-the-training-validation-loss-accuracy-at-each-epoch)
 - [How can I "freeze" layers?](#how-can-i-freeze-keras-layers)
 - [How can I use stateful RNNs?](#how-can-i-use-stateful-rnns)
+- [How can I remove a layer from a Sequential model?](#how-can-i-remove-a-layer-from-a-sequential-model)
+- [How can I use pre-trained models in Keras?](#how-can-i-use-pre-trained-models-in-keras)
 
 ---
 
@@ -56,7 +58,31 @@ theano.config.floatX = 'float32'
 
 *It is not recommended to use pickle or cPickle to save a Keras model.*
 
-If you only need to save the architecture of a model, and not its weights, you can do:
+You can use `model.save(filepath)` to save a Keras model into a single HDF5 file which will contain:
+
+- the architecture of the model, allowing to re-create the model
+- the weights of the model
+- the training configuration (loss, optimizer)
+- the state of the optimizer, allowing to resume training exactly where you left off.
+
+You can then use `keras.models.load_model(filepath)` to reinstantiate your model.
+`load_model` will also take care of compiling the model using the saved training configuration
+(unless the model was never compiled in the first place).
+
+Example:
+
+```python
+from keras.models import load_model
+
+model.save('my_model.h5')  # creates a HDF5 file 'my_model.h5'
+del model  # deletes the existing model
+
+# returns a compiled model
+# identical to the previous one
+model = load_model('my_model.h5')
+```
+
+If you only need to save the **architecture of a model**, and not its weights or its training configuration, you can do:
 
 ```python
 # save as JSON
@@ -66,6 +92,8 @@ json_string = model.to_json()
 yaml_string = model.to_yaml()
 ```
 
+The generated JSON / YAML files are human-readable and can be manually edited if needed.
+
 You can then build a fresh model from this data:
 
 ```python
@@ -77,7 +105,7 @@ model = model_from_json(json_string)
 model = model_from_yaml(yaml_string)
 ```
 
-If you need to save the weights of a model, you can do so in HDF5 with the code below.
+If you need to save the **weights of a model**, you can do so in HDF5 with the code below.
 
 Note that you will first need to install HDF5 and the Python library h5py, which do not come bundled with Keras.
 
@@ -91,22 +119,6 @@ Assuming you have code for instantiating your model, you can then load the weigh
 model.load_weights('my_model_weights.h5')
 ```
 
-This leads us to a way to save and reconstruct models from only serialized data:
-```python
-json_string = model.to_json()
-open('my_model_architecture.json', 'w').write(json_string)
-model.save_weights('my_model_weights.h5')
-
-# elsewhere...
-model = model_from_json(open('my_model_architecture.json').read())
-model.load_weights('my_model_weights.h5')
-```
-
-Finally, before it can be used, the model shall be compiled.
-```python
-model.compile(optimizer='adagrad', loss='mse')
-```
-
 ---
 
 ### Why is the training loss much higher than the testing loss?
@@ -296,3 +308,37 @@ model.layers[0].reset_states()
 
 Notes that the methods `predict`, `fit`, `train_on_batch`, `predict_classes`, etc. will *all* update the states of the stateful layers in a model. This allows you to do not only stateful training, but also stateful prediction.
 
+---
+
+### How can I remove a layer from a Sequential model?
+
+You can remove the last added layer in a Sequential model by calling `.pop()`:
+
+```python
+model = Sequential()
+model.add(Dense(32, activation='relu', input_dim=784))
+model.add(Dense(32, activation='relu'))
+
+print(len(model.layers))  # "2"
+
+model.pop()
+print(len(model.layers))  # "1"
+```
+
+---
+
+### How can I use pre-trained models in Keras?
+
+Code and pre-trained weights are available for the following image classification models:
+
+- [VGG-16](https://gist.github.com/baraldilorenzo/07d7802847aaad0a35d3)
+- [VGG-19](https://gist.github.com/baraldilorenzo/8d096f48a1be4a2d660d)
+- [AlexNet](https://github.com/heuritech/convnets-keras)
+
+For an example of how to use such a pre-trained model for feature extraction or for fine-tuning, see [this blog post](http://blog.keras.io/building-powerful-image-classification-models-using-very-little-data.html).
+
+The VGG-16 model is also the basis for several Keras example scripts:
+
+- [Style transfer](https://github.com/fchollet/keras/blob/master/examples/neural_style_transfer.py)
+- [Feature visualization](https://github.com/fchollet/keras/blob/master/examples/conv_filter_visualization.py)
+- [Deep dream](https://github.com/fchollet/keras/blob/master/examples/deep_dream.py)

docs/templates/getting-started/functional-api-guide.md

@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ The model will also be supervised via two loss functions. Using the main loss fu
 
 Here's what our model looks like:
 
-<img src="http://s3.amazonaws.com/keras.io/img/multi-input-multi-output-graph.png" alt="multi-input-multi-output-graph" style="width: 400px;"/>
+<img src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/keras.io/img/multi-input-multi-output-graph.png" alt="multi-input-multi-output-graph" style="width: 400px;"/>
 
 Let's implement it with the functional API.
 
@@ -310,7 +310,7 @@ from keras.layers import merge, Convolution2D, Input
 # input tensor for a 3-channel 256x256 image
 x = Input(shape=(3, 256, 256))
 # 3x3 conv with 3 output channels (same as input channels)
-y = Convolution2D(3, 3, 3, border_mode='same')
+y = Convolution2D(3, 3, 3, border_mode='same')(x)
 # this returns x + y.
 z = merge([x, y], mode='sum')
 ```

docs/templates/getting-started/sequential-model-guide.md

@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ final_model.add(merged)
 final_model.add(Dense(10, activation='softmax'))
 ```
 
-<img src="http://s3.amazonaws.com/keras.io/img/two_branches_sequential_model.png" alt="two branch Sequential" style="width: 400px;"/>
+<img src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/keras.io/img/two_branches_sequential_model.png" alt="two branch Sequential" style="width: 400px;"/>
 
 Such a two-branch model can then be trained via e.g.:
 
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ Keras models are trained on Numpy arrays of input data and labels. For training
 # for a single-input model with 2 classes (binary):
 
 model = Sequential()
-model.add(Dense(1, input_dim=784, activation='softmax'))
+model.add(Dense(1, input_dim=784, activation='sigmoid'))
 model.compile(optimizer='rmsprop',
               loss='binary_crossentropy',
               metrics=['accuracy'])
@@ -381,7 +381,7 @@ image_model.load_weights('weight_file.h5')
 language_model = Sequential()
 language_model.add(Embedding(vocab_size, 256, input_length=max_caption_len))
 language_model.add(GRU(output_dim=128, return_sequences=True))
-language_model.add(TimeDistributedDense(128))
+language_model.add(TimeDistributed(Dense(128)))
 
 # let's repeat the image vector to turn it into a sequence.
 image_model.add(RepeatVector(max_caption_len))
@@ -418,7 +418,7 @@ The first two LSTMs return their full output sequences, but the last one only re
 the last step in its output sequence, thus dropping the temporal dimension
 (i.e. converting the input sequence into a single vector).
 
-<img src="http://keras.io/img/regular_stacked_lstm.png" alt="stacked LSTM" style="width: 300px;"/>
+<img src="https://keras.io/img/regular_stacked_lstm.png" alt="stacked LSTM" style="width: 300px;"/>
 
 ```python
 from keras.models import Sequential
@@ -507,7 +507,7 @@ In this model, two input sequences are encoded into vectors by two separate LSTM
 
 These two vectors are then concatenated, and a fully connected network is trained on top of the concatenated representations.
 
-<img src="http://keras.io/img/dual_lstm.png" alt="Dual LSTM" style="width: 600px;"/>
+<img src="https://keras.io/img/dual_lstm.png" alt="Dual LSTM" style="width: 600px;"/>
 
 ```python
 from keras.models import Sequential

docs/templates/initializations.md

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 
 ## Usage of initializations
 
-Initializations define the probability distribution used to set the initial random weights of Keras layers.
+Initializations define the way to set the initial random weights of Keras layers.
 
 The keyword arguments used for passing initializations to layers will depend on the layer. Usually it is simply `init`:
 
@@ -21,3 +21,30 @@ model.add(Dense(64, init='uniform'))
 - __glorot_uniform__
 - __he_normal__: Gaussian initialization scaled by fan_in (He et al., 2014)
 - __he_uniform__
+
+
+An initialization may be passed as a string (must match one of the available initializations above), or as a callable.
+If a callable, then it must take two arguments: `shape` (shape of the variable to initialize) and `name` (name of the variable),
+and it must return a variable (e.g. output of `K.variable()`):
+
+```python
+from keras import backend as K
+import numpy as np
+
+def my_init(shape, name=None):
+    value = np.random.random(shape)
+    return K.variable(value, name=name)
+
+model.add(Dense(64, init=my_init))
+```
+
+You could also use functions from `keras.initializations` in this way:
+
+```python
+from keras import initializations
+
+def my_init(shape, name=None):
+    return initializations.normal(shape, scale=0.01, name=name)
+
+model.add(Dense(64, init=my_init))
+```

docs/templates/optimizers.md

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ model.add(Dense(64, init='uniform', input_dim=10))
 model.add(Activation('tanh'))
 model.add(Activation('softmax'))
 
-sgd = SGD(lr=0.1, decay=1e-6, momentum=0.9, nesterov=True)
+sgd = SGD(lr=0.01, decay=1e-6, momentum=0.9, nesterov=True)
 model.compile(loss='mean_squared_error', optimizer=sgd)
 ```
 
@@ -22,4 +22,23 @@ model.compile(loss='mean_squared_error', optimizer='sgd')
 
 ---
 
+## Parameters common to all Keras optimizers
+
+The parameters `clipnorm` and `clipvalue` can be used with all optimizers to control gradient clipping:
+
+```python
+# all parameter gradients will be clipped to
+# a maximum norm of 1.
+sgd = SGD(lr=0.01, clipnorm=1.)
+```
+
+```python
+# all parameter gradients will be clipped to
+# a maximum value of 0.5 and
+# a minimum value of -0.5.
+sgd = SGD(lr=0.01, clipvalue=0.5)
+```
+
+---
+
 {{autogenerated}}

docs/templates/preprocessing/image.md

@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ Generate batches of tensor image data with real-time data augmentation. The data
 Example of using `.flow(X, y)`:
 
 ```python
-(X_train, y_train), (X_test, y_test) = cifar10.load_data(test_split=0.1)
+(X_train, y_train), (X_test, y_test) = cifar10.load_data()
 Y_train = np_utils.to_categorical(y_train, nb_classes)
 Y_test = np_utils.to_categorical(y_test, nb_classes)
 

docs/templates/scikit-learn-api.md

@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 # Wrappers for the Scikit-Learn API
 
-You can use `Sequential` Keras models (single-input only) as part of your Scikit-Learn workflow via the wrappers found at `keras.wrappers.sklearn.py`.
+You can use `Sequential` Keras models (single-input only) as part of your Scikit-Learn workflow via the wrappers found at `keras.wrappers.scikit_learn.py`.
 
 There are two wrappers available:
 
-`keras.wrappers.sklearn.KerasClassifier(build_fn=None, **sk_params)`, which implements the sklearn classifier interface,
+`keras.wrappers.scikit_learn.KerasClassifier(build_fn=None, **sk_params)`, which implements the Scikit-Learn classifier interface,
 
-`keras.wrappers.sklearn.KerasRegressor(build_fn=None, **sk_params)`, which implements the sklearn regressor interface.
+`keras.wrappers.scikit_learn.KerasRegressor(build_fn=None, **sk_params)`, which implements the Scikit-Learn regressor interface.
 
 ### Arguments
 

examples/imdb_bidirectional_lstm.py

@@ -19,8 +19,7 @@ maxlen = 100  # cut texts after this number of words (among top max_features mos
 batch_size = 32
 
 print('Loading data...')
-(X_train, y_train), (X_test, y_test) = imdb.load_data(nb_words=max_features,
-                                                      test_split=0.2)
+(X_train, y_train), (X_test, y_test) = imdb.load_data(nb_words=max_features)
 print(len(X_train), 'train sequences')
 print(len(X_test), 'test sequences')
 

examples/imdb_cnn.py

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 '''This example demonstrates the use of Convolution1D for text classification.
 
-Gets to 0.88 test accuracy after 2 epochs. 
+Gets to 0.89 test accuracy after 2 epochs.
 90s/epoch on Intel i5 2.4Ghz CPU.
 10s/epoch on Tesla K40 GPU.
 
@@ -12,9 +12,9 @@ np.random.seed(1337)  # for reproducibility
 
 from keras.preprocessing import sequence
 from keras.models import Sequential
-from keras.layers import Dense, Dropout, Activation, Lambda
+from keras.layers import Dense, Dropout, Activation, Flatten
 from keras.layers import Embedding
-from keras.layers import Convolution1D
+from keras.layers import Convolution1D, MaxPooling1D
 from keras.datasets import imdb
 from keras import backend as K
 
@@ -30,8 +30,7 @@ hidden_dims = 250
 nb_epoch = 2
 
 print('Loading data...')
-(X_train, y_train), (X_test, y_test) = imdb.load_data(nb_words=max_features,
-                                                      test_split=0.2)
+(X_train, y_train), (X_test, y_test) = imdb.load_data(nb_words=max_features)
 print(len(X_train), 'train sequences')
 print(len(X_test), 'test sequences')
 
@@ -58,13 +57,12 @@ model.add(Convolution1D(nb_filter=nb_filter,
                         border_mode='valid',
                         activation='relu',
                         subsample_length=1))
+# we use max pooling:
+model.add(MaxPooling1D(pool_length=model.output_shape[1]))
 
-# we use max over time pooling by defining a python function to use
-# in a Lambda layer
-def max_1d(X):
-    return K.max(X, axis=1)
-
-model.add(Lambda(max_1d, output_shape=(nb_filter,)))
+# We flatten the output of the conv layer,
+# so that we can add a vanilla dense layer:
+model.add(Flatten())
 
 # We add a vanilla hidden layer:
 model.add(Dense(hidden_dims))

examples/imdb_cnn_lstm.py

@@ -22,9 +22,9 @@ maxlen = 100
 embedding_size = 128
 
 # Convolution
-filter_length = 3
+filter_length = 5
 nb_filter = 64
-pool_length = 2
+pool_length = 4
 
 # LSTM
 lstm_output_size = 70
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ Only 2 epochs are needed as the dataset is very small.
 '''
 
 print('Loading data...')
-(X_train, y_train), (X_test, y_test) = imdb.load_data(nb_words=max_features, test_split=0.2)
+(X_train, y_train), (X_test, y_test) = imdb.load_data(nb_words=max_features)
 print(len(X_train), 'train sequences')
 print(len(X_test), 'test sequences')
 

examples/imdb_lstm.py

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 '''Trains a LSTM on the IMDB sentiment classification task.
 
 The dataset is actually too small for LSTM to be of any advantage
-compared to simpler, much faster methods such as TF-IDF+LogReg.
+compared to simpler, much faster methods such as TF-IDF + LogReg.
 
 Notes:
 
@@ -28,8 +28,7 @@ maxlen = 80  # cut texts after this number of words (among top max_features most
 batch_size = 32
 
 print('Loading data...')
-(X_train, y_train), (X_test, y_test) = imdb.load_data(nb_words=max_features,
-                                                      test_split=0.2)
+(X_train, y_train), (X_test, y_test) = imdb.load_data(nb_words=max_features)
 print(len(X_train), 'train sequences')
 print(len(X_test), 'test sequences')
 
@@ -52,8 +51,6 @@ model.compile(loss='binary_crossentropy',
               metrics=['accuracy'])
 
 print('Train...')
-print(X_train.shape)
-print(y_train.shape)
 model.fit(X_train, y_train, batch_size=batch_size, nb_epoch=15,
           validation_data=(X_test, y_test))
 score, acc = model.evaluate(X_test, y_test,

examples/lstm_text_generation.py

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ from __future__ import print_function
 from keras.models import Sequential
 from keras.layers import Dense, Activation, Dropout
 from keras.layers import LSTM
+from keras.optimizers import RMSprop
 from keras.utils.data_utils import get_file
 import numpy as np
 import random
@@ -50,20 +51,22 @@ for i, sentence in enumerate(sentences):
 # build the model: 2 stacked LSTM
 print('Build model...')
 model = Sequential()
-model.add(LSTM(512, return_sequences=True, input_shape=(maxlen, len(chars))))
-model.add(LSTM(512, return_sequences=False))
-model.add(Dropout(0.2))
+model.add(LSTM(128, input_shape=(maxlen, len(chars))))
 model.add(Dense(len(chars)))
 model.add(Activation('softmax'))
 
-model.compile(loss='categorical_crossentropy', optimizer='rmsprop')
+optimizer = RMSprop(lr=0.01)
+model.compile(loss='categorical_crossentropy', optimizer=optimizer)
 
 
-def sample(a, temperature=1.0):
+def sample(preds, temperature=1.0):
     # helper function to sample an index from a probability array
-    a = np.log(a) / temperature
-    a = np.exp(a) / np.sum(np.exp(a))
-    return np.argmax(np.random.multinomial(1, a, 1))
+    preds = np.asarray(preds).astype('float64')
+    preds = np.log(preds) / temperature
+    exp_preds = np.exp(preds)
+    preds = exp_preds / np.sum(exp_preds)
+    probas = np.random.multinomial(1, preds, 1)
+    return np.argmax(probas)
 
 # train the model, output generated text after each iteration
 for iteration in range(1, 60):

examples/neural_style_transfer.py

@@ -80,6 +80,7 @@ total_variation_weight = 1.
 style_weight = 1.
 content_weight = 0.025
 
+
 # dimensions of the generated picture.
 img_width = 400
 img_height = 400
@@ -88,13 +89,21 @@ assert img_height == img_width, 'Due to the use of the Gram matrix, width and he
 # util function to open, resize and format pictures into appropriate tensors
 def preprocess_image(image_path):
     img = imresize(imread(image_path), (img_width, img_height))
-    img = img.transpose((2, 0, 1)).astype('float64')
+    img = img[:, :, ::-1].astype('float64')
+    img[:, :, 0] -= 103.939
+    img[:, :, 1] -= 116.779
+    img[:, :, 2] -= 123.68
+    img = img.transpose((2, 0, 1))
     img = np.expand_dims(img, axis=0)
     return img
 
 # util function to convert a tensor into a valid image
 def deprocess_image(x):
     x = x.transpose((1, 2, 0))
+    x[:, :, 0] += 103.939
+    x[:, :, 1] += 116.779
+    x[:, :, 2] += 123.68
+    x = x[:, :, ::-1]
     x = np.clip(x, 0, 255).astype('uint8')
     return x
 
@@ -275,6 +284,9 @@ evaluator = Evaluator()
 # run scipy-based optimization (L-BFGS) over the pixels of the generated image
 # so as to minimize the neural style loss
 x = np.random.uniform(0, 255, (1, 3, img_width, img_height))
+x[0, 0, :, :] -= 103.939
+x[0, 1, :, :] -= 116.779
+x[0, 2, :, :] -= 123.68
 for i in range(10):
     print('Start of iteration', i)
     start_time = time.time()
@@ -282,7 +294,7 @@ for i in range(10):
                                      fprime=evaluator.grads, maxfun=20)
     print('Current loss value:', min_val)
     # save current generated image
-    img = deprocess_image(x.reshape((3, img_width, img_height)))
+    img = deprocess_image(x.copy().reshape((3, img_width, img_height)))
     fname = result_prefix + '_at_iteration_%d.png' % i
     imsave(fname, img)
     end_time = time.time()

examples/pretrained_word_embeddings.py

@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+'''This script loads pre-trained word embeddings (GloVe embeddings)
+into a frozen Keras Embedding layer, and uses it to
+train a text classification model on the 20 Newsgroup dataset
+(classication of newsgroup messages into 20 different categories).
+
+GloVe embedding data can be found at:
+http://nlp.stanford.edu/data/glove.6B.zip
+(source page: http://nlp.stanford.edu/projects/glove/)
+
+20 Newsgroup data can be found at:
+http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu.edu/project/theo-20/www/data/news20.html
+'''
+
+from __future__ import print_function
+import os
+import numpy as np
+np.random.seed(1337)
+
+from keras.preprocessing.text import Tokenizer
+from keras.preprocessing.sequence import pad_sequences
+from keras.utils.np_utils import to_categorical
+from keras.layers import Dense, Input, Flatten
+from keras.layers import Conv1D, MaxPooling1D, Embedding
+from keras.models import Model
+import sys
+
+BASE_DIR = ''
+GLOVE_DIR = BASE_DIR + '/glove.6B/'
+TEXT_DATA_DIR = BASE_DIR + '/20_newsgroup/'
+MAX_SEQUENCE_LENGTH = 1000
+MAX_NB_WORDS = 20000
+EMBEDDING_DIM = 100
+VALIDATION_SPLIT = 0.2
+
+# first, build index mapping words in the embeddings set
+# to their embedding vector
+
+print('Indexing word vectors.')
+
+embeddings_index = {}
+f = open(os.path.join(GLOVE_DIR, 'glove.6B.100d.txt'))
+for line in f:
+    values = line.split()
+    word = values[0]
+    coefs = np.asarray(values[1:], dtype='float32')
+    embeddings_index[word] = coefs
+f.close()
+
+print('Found %s word vectors.' % len(embeddings_index))
+
+# second, prepare text samples and their labels
+print('Processing text dataset')
+
+texts = []  # list of text samples
+labels_index = {}  # dictionary mapping label name to numeric id
+labels = []  # list of label ids
+for name in sorted(os.listdir(TEXT_DATA_DIR)):
+    path = os.path.join(TEXT_DATA_DIR, name)
+    if os.path.isdir(path):
+        label_id = len(labels_index)
+        labels_index[name] = label_id
+        for fname in sorted(os.listdir(path)):
+            if fname.isdigit():
+                fpath = os.path.join(path, fname)
+                if sys.version_info < (3,):
+                    f = open(fpath)
+                else:
+                    f = open(fpath, encoding='latin-1')
+                texts.append(f.read())
+                f.close()
+                labels.append(label_id)
+
+print('Found %s texts.' % len(texts))
+
+# finally, vectorize the text samples into a 2D integer tensor
+tokenizer = Tokenizer(nb_words=MAX_NB_WORDS)
+tokenizer.fit_on_texts(texts)
+sequences = tokenizer.texts_to_sequences(texts)
+
+word_index = tokenizer.word_index
+print('Found %s unique tokens.' % len(word_index))
+
+data = pad_sequences(sequences, maxlen=MAX_SEQUENCE_LENGTH)
+
+labels = to_categorical(np.asarray(labels))
+print('Shape of data tensor:', data.shape)
+print('Shape of label tensor:', labels.shape)
+
+# split the data into a training set and a validation set
+indices = np.arange(data.shape[0])
+np.random.shuffle(indices)
+data = data[indices]
+labels = labels[indices]
+nb_validation_samples = int(VALIDATION_SPLIT * data.shape[0])
+
+x_train = data[:-nb_validation_samples]
+y_train = labels[:-nb_validation_samples]
+x_val = data[-nb_validation_samples:]
+y_val = labels[-nb_validation_samples:]
+
+print('Preparing embedding matrix.')
+
+# prepare embedding matrix
+nb_words = min(MAX_NB_WORDS, len(word_index))
+embedding_matrix = np.zeros((nb_words + 1, EMBEDDING_DIM))
+for word, i in word_index.items():
+    if i > MAX_NB_WORDS:
+        continue
+    embedding_vector = embeddings_index.get(word)
+    if embedding_vector is not None:
+        # words not found in embedding index will be all-zeros.
+        embedding_matrix[i] = embedding_vector
+
+# load pre-trained word embeddings into an Embedding layer
+# note that we set trainable = False so as to keep the embeddings fixed
+embedding_layer = Embedding(nb_words + 1,
+                            EMBEDDING_DIM,
+                            weights=[embedding_matrix],
+                            input_length=MAX_SEQUENCE_LENGTH,
+                            trainable=False)
+
+print('Training model.')
+
+# train a 1D convnet with global maxpooling
+sequence_input = Input(shape=(MAX_SEQUENCE_LENGTH,), dtype='int32')
+embedded_sequences = embedding_layer(sequence_input)
+x = Conv1D(128, 5, activation='relu')(embedded_sequences)
+x = MaxPooling1D(5)(x)
+x = Conv1D(128, 5, activation='relu')(x)
+x = MaxPooling1D(5)(x)
+x = Conv1D(128, 5, activation='relu')(x)
+x = MaxPooling1D(35)(x)
+x = Flatten()(x)
+x = Dense(128, activation='relu')(x)
+preds = Dense(len(labels_index), activation='softmax')(x)
+
+model = Model(sequence_input, preds)
+model.compile(loss='categorical_crossentropy',
+              optimizer='rmsprop',
+              metrics=['acc'])
+
+# happy learning!
+model.fit(x_train, y_train, validation_data=(x_val, y_val),
+          nb_epoch=2, batch_size=128)

examples/resnet_50.py

@@ -0,0 +1,220 @@
+'''This script demonstrates how to build a deep residual network
+using the Keras functional API.
+
+get_resnet50() returns the deep residual network model (50 layers)
+
+Please visit Kaiming He's GitHub homepage:
+https://github.com/KaimingHe
+for more information.
+
+The related paper is
+'Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition'
+Kaiming He, Xiangyu Zhang, Shaoqing Ren, Jian Sun
+http://arxiv.org/abs/1512.03385
+
+Pretrained weights were converted from Kaiming He's caffe model directly.
+
+For now we provide weights for the tensorflow backend only,
+thus use 'tf' dim_ordering (e.g. input_shape=(224, 224, 3) for 224*224 color image)
+would accelerate the computation, but we also provide weights for 'th' dim_ordering for compatibility.
+You can set your default dim ordering in your Keras config file at ~/.keras/keras.json
+
+please donwload them at:
+http://pan.baidu.com/s/1o8pO2q2 ('th' dim ordering, for China)
+http://pan.baidu.com/s/1pLanuTt ('tf' dim ordering, for China)
+
+https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B4ChsjFJvew3NVQ2U041Q0xHRHM ('th' dim ordering, for other countries)
+https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B4ChsjFJvew3NWN5THdxcTdSWmc ('tf' dim ordering, for other countries)
+
+@author: BigMoyan, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
+'''
+from __future__ import print_function
+from keras.layers import merge
+from keras.layers.convolutional import Convolution2D, MaxPooling2D, ZeroPadding2D, AveragePooling2D
+from keras.layers.core import Dense, Activation, Flatten
+from keras.layers.normalization import BatchNormalization
+from keras.models import Model
+from keras.layers import Input
+from keras.preprocessing.image import load_img, img_to_array
+import keras.backend as K
+import numpy as np
+
+# The names of layers in resnet50 are generated with the following format
+# [type][stage][block]_branch[branch][layer]
+# type: 'res' for conv layer, 'bn' and 'scale' for BN layer
+# stage: from '2' to '5', current stage number
+# block: 'a','b','c'... for different blocks in a stage
+# branch: '1' for shortcut and '2' for main path
+# layer: 'a','b','c'... for different layers in a block
+
+
+def identity_block(input_tensor, kernel_size, filters, stage, block):
+    '''The identity_block is the block that has no conv layer at shortcut
+
+    # Arguments
+        input_tensor: input tensor
+        kernel_size: defualt 3, the kernel size of middle conv layer at main path
+        filters: list of integers, the nb_filters of 3 conv layer at main path
+        stage: integer, current stage label, used for generating layer names
+        block: 'a','b'..., current block label, used for generating layer names
+    '''
+    dim_ordering = K.image_dim_ordering()
+    nb_filter1, nb_filter2, nb_filter3 = filters
+    if dim_ordering == 'tf':
+        bn_axis = 3
+    else:
+        bn_axis = 1
+    conv_name_base = 'res' + str(stage) + block + '_branch'
+    bn_name_base = 'bn' + str(stage) + block + '_branch'
+
+    out = Convolution2D(nb_filter1, 1, 1, dim_ordering=dim_ordering, name=conv_name_base + '2a')(input_tensor)
+    out = BatchNormalization(axis=bn_axis, name=bn_name_base + '2a')(out)
+    out = Activation('relu')(out)
+
+    out = Convolution2D(nb_filter2, kernel_size, kernel_size, border_mode='same',
+                        dim_ordering=dim_ordering, name=conv_name_base + '2b')(out)
+    out = BatchNormalization(axis=bn_axis, name=bn_name_base + '2b')(out)
+    out = Activation('relu')(out)
+
+    out = Convolution2D(nb_filter3, 1, 1, dim_ordering=dim_ordering, name=conv_name_base + '2c')(out)
+    out = BatchNormalization(axis=bn_axis, name=bn_name_base + '2c')(out)
+
+    out = merge([out, input_tensor], mode='sum')
+    out = Activation('relu')(out)
+    return out
+
+
+def conv_block(input_tensor, kernel_size, filters, stage, block, strides=(2, 2)):
+    '''conv_block is the block that has a conv layer at shortcut
+
+    # Arguments
+        input_tensor: input tensor
+        kernel_size: defualt 3, the kernel size of middle conv layer at main path
+        filters: list of integers, the nb_filters of 3 conv layer at main path
+        stage: integer, current stage label, used for generating layer names
+        block: 'a','b'..., current block label, used for generating layer names
+
+    Note that from stage 3, the first conv layer at main path is with subsample=(2,2)
+    And the shortcut should has subsample=(2,2) as well
+    '''
+    nb_filter1, nb_filter2, nb_filter3 = filters
+    dim_ordering = K.image_dim_ordering()
+    if dim_ordering == 'tf':
+        bn_axis = 3
+    else:
+        bn_axis = 1
+    conv_name_base = 'res' + str(stage) + block + '_branch'
+    bn_name_base = 'bn' + str(stage) + block + '_branch'
+
+    out = Convolution2D(nb_filter1, 1, 1, subsample=strides,
+                        dim_ordering=dim_ordering, name=conv_name_base + '2a')(input_tensor)
+    out = BatchNormalization(axis=bn_axis, name=bn_name_base + '2a')(out)
+    out = Activation('relu')(out)
+
+    out = Convolution2D(nb_filter2, kernel_size, kernel_size, border_mode='same',
+                        dim_ordering=dim_ordering, name=conv_name_base + '2b')(out)
+    out = BatchNormalization(axis=bn_axis, name=bn_name_base + '2b')(out)
+    out = Activation('relu')(out)
+
+    out = Convolution2D(nb_filter3, 1, 1, dim_ordering=dim_ordering, name=conv_name_base + '2c')(out)
+    out = BatchNormalization(axis=bn_axis, name=bn_name_base + '2c')(out)
+
+    shortcut = Convolution2D(nb_filter3, 1, 1, subsample=strides,
+                             dim_ordering=dim_ordering, name=conv_name_base + '1')(input_tensor)
+    shortcut = BatchNormalization(axis=bn_axis, name=bn_name_base + '1')(shortcut)
+
+    out = merge([out, shortcut], mode='sum')
+    out = Activation('relu')(out)
+    return out
+
+
+def read_img(img_path):
+    '''This function returns a preprocessed image
+    '''
+    dim_ordering = K.image_dim_ordering()
+    mean = (103.939, 116.779, 123.68)
+    img = load_img(img_path, target_size=(224, 224))
+    img = img_to_array(img, dim_ordering=dim_ordering)
+
+    if dim_ordering == 'th':
+        img[0, :, :] -= mean[0]
+        img[1, :, :] -= mean[1]
+        img[2, :, :] -= mean[2]
+        # 'RGB'->'BGR'
+        img = img[::-1, :, :]
+    else:
+        img[:, :, 0] -= mean[0]
+        img[:, :, 1] -= mean[1]
+        img[:, :, 2] -= mean[2]
+        img = img[:, :, ::-1]
+
+    img = np.expand_dims(img, axis=0)
+    return img
+
+
+def get_resnet50():
+    '''This function returns the 50-layer residual network model
+    you should load pretrained weights if you want to use it directly.
+    Note that since the pretrained weights is converted from caffemodel
+    the order of channels for input image should be 'BGR' (the channel order of caffe)
+    '''
+    if K.image_dim_ordering() == 'tf':
+        inp = Input(shape=(224, 224, 3))
+        bn_axis = 3
+    else:
+        inp = Input(shape=(3, 224, 224))
+        bn_axis = 1
+
+    dim_ordering = K.image_dim_ordering()
+    out = ZeroPadding2D((3, 3), dim_ordering=dim_ordering)(inp)
+    out = Convolution2D(64, 7, 7, subsample=(2, 2), dim_ordering=dim_ordering, name='conv1')(out)
+    out = BatchNormalization(axis=bn_axis, name='bn_conv1')(out)
+    out = Activation('relu')(out)
+    out = MaxPooling2D((3, 3), strides=(2, 2), dim_ordering=dim_ordering)(out)
+
+    out = conv_block(out, 3, [64, 64, 256], stage=2, block='a', strides=(1, 1))
+    out = identity_block(out, 3, [64, 64, 256], stage=2, block='b')
+    out = identity_block(out, 3, [64, 64, 256], stage=2, block='c')
+
+    out = conv_block(out, 3, [128, 128, 512], stage=3, block='a')
+    out = identity_block(out, 3, [128, 128, 512], stage=3, block='b')
+    out = identity_block(out, 3, [128, 128, 512], stage=3, block='c')
+    out = identity_block(out, 3, [128, 128, 512], stage=3, block='d')
+
+    out = conv_block(out, 3, [256, 256, 1024], stage=4, block='a')
+    out = identity_block(out, 3, [256, 256, 1024], stage=4, block='b')
+    out = identity_block(out, 3, [256, 256, 1024], stage=4, block='c')
+    out = identity_block(out, 3, [256, 256, 1024], stage=4, block='d')
+    out = identity_block(out, 3, [256, 256, 1024], stage=4, block='e')
+    out = identity_block(out, 3, [256, 256, 1024], stage=4, block='f')
+
+    out = conv_block(out, 3, [512, 512, 2048], stage=5, block='a')
+    out = identity_block(out, 3, [512, 512, 2048], stage=5, block='b')
+    out = identity_block(out, 3, [512, 512, 2048], stage=5, block='c')
+
+    out = AveragePooling2D((7, 7), dim_ordering=dim_ordering)(out)
+    out = Flatten()(out)
+    out = Dense(1000, activation='softmax', name='fc1000')(out)
+
+    model = Model(inp, out)
+
+    return model
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    weights_file = K.image_dim_ordering() + '_dim_ordering_resnet50.h5'
+    resnet_model = get_resnet50()
+    resnet_model.load_weights(weights_file)
+
+    # you may download synset_words from the address given at the begining of this file
+    class_table = open('synset_words.txt', 'r')
+    lines = class_table.readlines()
+
+    test_img1 = read_img('cat.jpg')
+    print('Result for test 1 is:')
+    print(lines[np.argmax(resnet_model.predict(test_img1)[0])])
+
+    test_img2 = read_img('elephant.jpg')
+    print('Result for test 2 is:')
+    print(lines[np.argmax(resnet_model.predict(test_img2)[0])])
+    class_table.close()

examples/stateful_lstm.py

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ epochs = 25
 lahead = 1
 
 
-def gen_cosine_amp(amp=100, period=25, x0=0, xn=50000, step=1, k=0.0001):
+def gen_cosine_amp(amp=100, period=1000, x0=0, xn=50000, step=1, k=0.0001):
     """Generates an absolute cosine time series with the amplitude
     exponentially decreasing
 
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ def gen_cosine_amp(amp=100, period=25, x0=0, xn=50000, step=1, k=0.0001):
     cos = np.zeros(((xn - x0) * step, 1, 1))
     for i in range(len(cos)):
         idx = x0 + i * step
-        cos[i, 0, 0] = amp * np.cos(idx / (2 * np.pi * period))
+        cos[i, 0, 0] = amp * np.cos(2 * np.pi * idx / period)
         cos[i, 0, 0] = cos[i, 0, 0] * np.exp(-k * idx)
     return cos
 

examples/variational_autoencoder.py

@@ -11,27 +11,25 @@ from keras import backend as K
 from keras import objectives
 from keras.datasets import mnist
 
-batch_size = 16
+batch_size = 100
 original_dim = 784
 latent_dim = 2
-intermediate_dim = 128
-epsilon_std = 0.01
-nb_epoch = 40
+intermediate_dim = 256
+nb_epoch = 50
 
 x = Input(batch_shape=(batch_size, original_dim))
 h = Dense(intermediate_dim, activation='relu')(x)
 z_mean = Dense(latent_dim)(h)
-z_log_std = Dense(latent_dim)(h)
+z_log_var = Dense(latent_dim)(h)
+
 
 def sampling(args):
-    z_mean, z_log_std = args
-    epsilon = K.random_normal(shape=(batch_size, latent_dim),
-                              mean=0., std=epsilon_std)
-    return z_mean + K.exp(z_log_std) * epsilon
+    z_mean, z_log_var = args
+    epsilon = K.random_normal(shape=(batch_size, latent_dim), mean=0.)
+    return z_mean + K.exp(z_log_var / 2) * epsilon
 
 # note that "output_shape" isn't necessary with the TensorFlow backend
-# so you could write `Lambda(sampling)([z_mean, z_log_std])`
-z = Lambda(sampling, output_shape=(latent_dim,))([z_mean, z_log_std])
+z = Lambda(sampling, output_shape=(latent_dim,))([z_mean, z_log_var])
 
 # we instantiate these layers separately so as to reuse them later
 decoder_h = Dense(intermediate_dim, activation='relu')
@@ -39,9 +37,10 @@ decoder_mean = Dense(original_dim, activation='sigmoid')
 h_decoded = decoder_h(z)
 x_decoded_mean = decoder_mean(h_decoded)
 
+
 def vae_loss(x, x_decoded_mean):
-    xent_loss = objectives.binary_crossentropy(x, x_decoded_mean)
-    kl_loss = - 0.5 * K.mean(1 + z_log_std - K.square(z_mean) - K.exp(z_log_std), axis=-1)
+    xent_loss = original_dim * objectives.binary_crossentropy(x, x_decoded_mean)
+    kl_loss = - 0.5 * K.sum(1 + z_log_var - K.square(z_mean) - K.exp(z_log_var), axis=-1)
     return xent_loss + kl_loss
 
 vae = Model(x, x_decoded_mean)
@@ -87,7 +86,7 @@ grid_y = np.linspace(-15, 15, n)
 
 for i, yi in enumerate(grid_x):
     for j, xi in enumerate(grid_y):
-        z_sample = np.array([[xi, yi]]) * epsilon_std
+        z_sample = np.array([[xi, yi]])
         x_decoded = generator.predict(z_sample)
         digit = x_decoded[0].reshape(digit_size, digit_size)
         figure[i * digit_size: (i + 1) * digit_size,

examples/variational_autoencoder_deconv.py

@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+'''This script demonstrates how to build a variational autoencoder with Keras and deconvolution layers.
+
+Reference: "Auto-Encoding Variational Bayes" https://arxiv.org/abs/1312.6114
+'''
+import numpy as np
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+
+from keras.layers import Input, Dense, Lambda, Flatten, Reshape
+from keras.layers import Convolution2D, Deconvolution2D, MaxPooling2D
+from keras.models import Model
+from keras import backend as K
+from keras import objectives
+from keras.datasets import mnist
+
+# input image dimensions
+img_rows, img_cols, img_chns = 28, 28, 1
+# number of convolutional filters to use
+nb_filters = 32
+# convolution kernel size
+nb_conv = 3
+
+batch_size = 16
+original_dim = (img_chns, img_rows, img_cols)
+latent_dim = 2
+intermediate_dim = 128
+epsilon_std = 0.01
+nb_epoch = 5
+
+
+x = Input(batch_shape=(batch_size,) + original_dim)
+c = Convolution2D(nb_filters, nb_conv, nb_conv, border_mode='same', activation='relu')(x)
+f = Flatten()(c)
+h = Dense(intermediate_dim, activation='relu')(f)
+
+z_mean = Dense(latent_dim)(h)
+z_log_var = Dense(latent_dim)(h)
+
+
+def sampling(args):
+    z_mean, z_log_var = args
+    epsilon = K.random_normal(shape=(batch_size, latent_dim),
+                              mean=0., std=epsilon_std)
+    return z_mean + K.exp(z_log_var) * epsilon
+
+# note that "output_shape" isn't necessary with the TensorFlow backend
+# so you could write `Lambda(sampling)([z_mean, z_log_var])`
+z = Lambda(sampling, output_shape=(latent_dim,))([z_mean, z_log_var])
+
+# we instantiate these layers separately so as to reuse them later
+decoder_h = Dense(intermediate_dim, activation='relu')
+decoder_f = Dense(nb_filters*img_rows*img_cols, activation='relu')
+decoder_c = Reshape((nb_filters, img_rows, img_cols))
+decoder_mean = Deconvolution2D(img_chns, nb_conv, nb_conv,
+                               (batch_size, img_chns, img_rows, img_cols),
+                               border_mode='same')
+
+h_decoded = decoder_h(z)
+f_decoded = decoder_f(h_decoded)
+c_decoded = decoder_c(f_decoded)
+x_decoded_mean = decoder_mean(c_decoded)
+
+
+def vae_loss(x, x_decoded_mean):
+    # NOTE: binary_crossentropy expects a batch_size by dim for x and x_decoded_mean, so we MUST flatten these!
+    x = K.flatten(x)
+    x_decoded_mean = K.flatten(x_decoded_mean)
+    xent_loss = objectives.binary_crossentropy(x, x_decoded_mean)
+    kl_loss = - 0.5 * K.mean(1 + z_log_var - K.square(z_mean) - K.exp(z_log_var), axis=-1)
+    return xent_loss + kl_loss
+
+vae = Model(x, x_decoded_mean)
+vae.compile(optimizer='rmsprop', loss=vae_loss)
+vae.summary()
+
+# train the VAE on MNIST digits
+(x_train, y_train), (x_test, y_test) = mnist.load_data()
+
+x_train = x_train.astype('float32')[:, None, :, :] / 255.
+x_test = x_test.astype('float32')[:, None, :, :] / 255.
+
+vae.fit(x_train, x_train,
+        shuffle=True,
+        nb_epoch=nb_epoch,
+        batch_size=batch_size,
+        validation_data=(x_test, x_test))
+
+
+# build a model to project inputs on the latent space
+encoder = Model(x, z_mean)
+
+# display a 2D plot of the digit classes in the latent space
+x_test_encoded = encoder.predict(x_test, batch_size=batch_size)
+plt.figure(figsize=(6, 6))
+plt.scatter(x_test_encoded[:, 0], x_test_encoded[:, 1], c=y_test)
+plt.colorbar()
+plt.show()
+
+# build a digit generator that can sample from the learned distribution
+decoder_input = Input(shape=(latent_dim,))
+_h_decoded = decoder_h(decoder_input)
+_f_decoded = decoder_f(_h_decoded)
+_c_decoded = decoder_c(_f_decoded)
+_x_decoded_mean = decoder_mean(_c_decoded)
+generator = Model(decoder_input, _x_decoded_mean)
+
+# display a 2D manifold of the digits
+n = 15  # figure with 15x15 digits
+digit_size = 28
+figure = np.zeros((digit_size * n, digit_size * n))
+# we will sample n points within [-15, 15] standard deviations
+grid_x = np.linspace(-15, 15, n)
+grid_y = np.linspace(-15, 15, n)
+
+for i, yi in enumerate(grid_x):
+    for j, xi in enumerate(grid_y):
+        z_sample = np.array([[xi, yi]])
+        x_decoded = generator.predict(z_sample)
+        digit = x_decoded[0].reshape(digit_size, digit_size)
+        figure[i * digit_size: (i + 1) * digit_size,
+               j * digit_size: (j + 1) * digit_size] = digit
+
+plt.figure(figsize=(10, 10))
+plt.imshow(figure)
+plt.show()

keras/__init__.py

@@ -15,4 +15,4 @@ from . import objectives
 from . import optimizers
 from . import regularizers
 
-__version__ = '1.0.5'
+__version__ = '1.0.7'

keras/activations.py

@@ -48,4 +48,6 @@ def linear(x):
 
 from .utils.generic_utils import get_from_module
 def get(identifier):
+    if identifier is None:
+        return linear
     return get_from_module(identifier, globals(), 'activation function')

keras/backend/__init__.py

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ from .common import get_uid
 from .common import cast_to_floatx
 from .common import image_dim_ordering
 from .common import set_image_dim_ordering
+from .common import is_keras_tensor
 
 _keras_base_dir = os.path.expanduser('~')
 if not os.access(_keras_base_dir, os.W_OK):
@@ -35,6 +36,7 @@ if os.path.exists(_config_path):
 
     set_floatx(_floatx)
     set_epsilon(_epsilon)
+    set_image_dim_ordering(_image_dim_ordering)
     _BACKEND = _backend
 
 # save config file
@@ -59,3 +61,10 @@ elif _BACKEND == 'tensorflow':
     from .tensorflow_backend import *
 else:
     raise Exception('Unknown backend: ' + str(_BACKEND))
+
+
+def backend():
+    '''Publicly accessible method
+    for determining the current backend.
+    '''
+    return _BACKEND

keras/backend/common.py

@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
 import numpy as np
 
+from collections import defaultdict
+
 # the type of float to use throughout the session.
 _FLOATX = 'float32'
 _EPSILON = 10e-8
-_UID_PREFIXES = {}
+_UID_PREFIXES = defaultdict(int)
 _IMAGE_DIM_ORDERING = 'th'
 
 
@@ -60,9 +62,17 @@ def set_image_dim_ordering(dim_ordering):
 
 
 def get_uid(prefix=''):
-    if prefix not in _UID_PREFIXES:
-        _UID_PREFIXES[prefix] = 1
-        return 1
+    _UID_PREFIXES[prefix] += 1
+    return _UID_PREFIXES[prefix]
+
+
+def reset_uids():
+    global _UID_PREFIXES
+    _UID_PREFIXES = defaultdict(int)
+
+
+def is_keras_tensor(x):
+    if hasattr(x, '_keras_shape'):
+        return True
     else:
-        _UID_PREFIXES[prefix] += 1
-        return _UID_PREFIXES[prefix]
+        return False

keras/backend/tensorflow_backend.py

@@ -1,14 +1,35 @@
 import tensorflow as tf
+from tensorflow.python.training import moving_averages
 import numpy as np
 import os
 import copy
 import warnings
-from .common import _FLOATX, _EPSILON
+from .common import _FLOATX, _EPSILON, _IMAGE_DIM_ORDERING, reset_uids
 
 # INTERNAL UTILS
 
 _SESSION = None
 _LEARNING_PHASE = tf.placeholder(dtype='uint8', name='keras_learning_phase')  # 0 = test, 1 = train
+_MANUAL_VAR_INIT = False
+
+
+def clear_session():
+    global _SESSION
+    global _LEARNING_PHASE
+    tf.reset_default_graph()
+    reset_uids()
+    _SESSION = None
+    _LEARNING_PHASE = tf.placeholder(dtype='uint8', name='keras_learning_phase')
+
+
+def manual_variable_initialization(value):
+    '''Whether variables should be initialized
+    as they are instantiated (default), or if
+    the user should handle the initialization
+    (e.g. via tf.initialize_all_variables()).
+    '''
+    global _MANUAL_VAR_INIT
+    _MANUAL_VAR_INIT = value
 
 
 def learning_phase():
@@ -23,7 +44,10 @@ def learning_phase():
 
 def set_learning_phase(value):
     global _LEARNING_PHASE
-    _LEARNING_PHASE = tf.constant(value, name='keras_learning_phase')
+    if value not in {0, 1}:
+        raise ValueError('Expected learning phase to be '
+                         '0 or 1.')
+    _LEARNING_PHASE = value
 
 
 def get_session():
@@ -61,6 +85,34 @@ def set_session(session):
 
 # VARIABLE MANIPULATION
 
+def _convert_string_dtype(dtype):
+    if dtype == 'float16':
+        return tf.float16
+    if dtype == 'float32':
+        return tf.float32
+    elif dtype == 'float64':
+        return tf.float64
+    elif dtype == 'int16':
+        return tf.int16
+    elif dtype == 'int32':
+        return tf.int32
+    elif dtype == 'int64':
+        return tf.int64
+    elif dtype == 'uint8':
+        return tf.int8
+    elif dtype == 'uint16':
+        return tf.uint16
+    else:
+        raise ValueError('Unsupported dtype:', dtype)
+
+
+def _to_tensor(x, dtype):
+    x = tf.convert_to_tensor(x)
+    if x.dtype != dtype:
+        x = tf.cast(x, dtype)
+    return x
+
+
 def variable(value, dtype=_FLOATX, name=None):
     '''Instantiates a tensor.
 
@@ -72,7 +124,9 @@ def variable(value, dtype=_FLOATX, name=None):
     # Returns
         Tensor variable instance.
     '''
-    v = tf.Variable(np.asarray(value, dtype=dtype), name=name)
+    v = tf.Variable(value, dtype=_convert_string_dtype(dtype), name=name)
+    if _MANUAL_VAR_INIT:
+        return v
     if tf.get_default_graph() is get_session().graph:
         try:
             get_session().run(v.initializer)
@@ -154,13 +208,17 @@ def eval(x):
 def zeros(shape, dtype=_FLOATX, name=None):
     '''Instantiates an all-zeros tensor variable.
     '''
-    return variable(np.zeros(shape), dtype, name)
+    shape = tuple(map(int, shape))
+    tf_dtype = _convert_string_dtype(dtype)
+    return variable(tf.constant_initializer(0., dtype=tf_dtype)(shape), dtype, name)
 
 
 def ones(shape, dtype=_FLOATX, name=None):
     '''Instantiates an all-ones tensor variable.
     '''
-    return variable(np.ones(shape), dtype, name)
+    shape = tuple(map(int, shape))
+    tf_dtype = _convert_string_dtype(dtype)
+    return variable(tf.constant_initializer(1., dtype=tf_dtype)(shape), dtype, name)
 
 
 def eye(size, dtype=_FLOATX, name=None):
@@ -183,6 +241,20 @@ def ones_like(x, name=None):
     return tf.ones_like(x, name=name)
 
 
+def random_uniform_variable(shape, low, high, dtype=_FLOATX, name=None):
+    shape = tuple(map(int, shape))
+    tf_dtype = _convert_string_dtype(dtype)
+    value = tf.random_uniform_initializer(low, high, dtype=tf_dtype)(shape)
+    return variable(value, dtype=dtype, name=name)
+
+
+def random_normal_variable(shape, mean, scale, dtype=_FLOATX, name=None):
+    shape = tuple(map(int, shape))
+    tf_dtype = _convert_string_dtype(dtype)
+    value = tf.random_normal_initializer(mean, scale, dtype=tf_dtype)(shape)
+    return variable(value, dtype=dtype, name=name)
+
+
 def count_params(x):
     '''Returns the number of scalars in a tensor.
     '''
@@ -196,6 +268,26 @@ def cast(x, dtype):
     return tf.cast(x, dtype)
 
 
+# UPDATES OPS
+
+
+def update(x, new_x):
+    return tf.assign(x, new_x)
+
+
+def update_add(x, increment):
+    return tf.assign_add(x, increment)
+
+
+def update_sub(x, decrement):
+    return tf.assign_sub(x, decrement)
+
+
+def moving_average_update(variable, value, momentum):
+    return moving_averages.assign_moving_average(
+        variable, value, momentum)
+
+
 # LINEAR ALGEBRA
 
 def dot(x, y):
@@ -223,20 +315,36 @@ def batch_dot(x, y, axes=None):
     If the number of dimensions is reduced to 1, we use `expand_dims` to
     make sure that ndim is at least 2.
 
-    # Example
-        Assume x = [[1, 2]   and y = [[5, 6]
-                    [3, 4]]           [7, 8]]
-        batch_dot(x, y, axes=1) = [[17, 53]] which is the main diagonal
-        of x.dot(y.T), although we never have to calculate the off-diagonal
-        elements.
-
-
     # Arguments
         x, y: tensors with ndim >= 2
         axes: list (or single) int with target dimensions
 
     # Returns
-        Tensor with ndim >= 2
+        A tensor with shape equal to the concatenation of x's shape
+        (less the dimension that was summed over) and y's shape
+        (less the batch dimension and the dimension that was summed over).
+        If the final rank is 1, we reshape it to (batch_size, 1).
+
+    # Examples
+        Assume x = [[1, 2], [3, 4]]   and y = [[5, 6], [7, 8]]
+        batch_dot(x, y, axes=1) = [[17, 53]] which is the main diagonal
+        of x.dot(y.T), although we never have to calculate the off-diagonal
+        elements.
+
+        Shape inference:
+        Let x's shape be (100, 20) and y's shape be (100, 30, 20).
+        If dot_axes is (1, 2), to find the output shape of resultant tensor,
+            loop through each dimension in x's shape and y's shape:
+        x.shape[0] : 100 : append to output shape
+        x.shape[1] : 20 : do not append to output shape,
+            dimension 1 of x has been summed over. (dot_axes[0] = 1)
+        y.shape[0] : 100 : do not append to output shape,
+            always ignore first dimension of y
+        y.shape[1] : 30 : append to output shape
+        y.shape[2] : 20 : do not append to output shape,
+            dimension 2 of y has been summed over. (dot_axes[1] = 2)
+
+        output_shape = (100, 30)
     '''
     if type(axes) == int:
         axes = (axes, axes)
@@ -398,8 +506,9 @@ def abs(x):
 def sqrt(x):
     '''Element-wise square root.
     '''
-    x = tf.clip_by_value(x, tf.cast(0., dtype=_FLOATX),
-                         tf.cast(np.inf, dtype=_FLOATX))
+    zero = _to_tensor(0., x.dtype.base_dtype)
+    inf = _to_tensor(np.inf, x.dtype.base_dtype)
+    x = tf.clip_by_value(x, zero, inf)
     return tf.sqrt(x)
 
 
@@ -438,8 +547,9 @@ def clip(x, min_value, max_value):
     '''
     if max_value < min_value:
         max_value = min_value
-    return tf.clip_by_value(x, tf.cast(min_value, dtype=_FLOATX),
-                            tf.cast(max_value, dtype=_FLOATX))
+    min_value = _to_tensor(min_value, x.dtype.base_dtype)
+    max_value = _to_tensor(max_value, x.dtype.base_dtype)
+    return tf.clip_by_value(x, min_value, max_value)
 
 
 def equal(x, y):
@@ -456,6 +566,34 @@ def not_equal(x, y):
     return tf.not_equal(x, y)
 
 
+def greater(x, y):
+    '''Element-wise truth value of (x > y).
+    Returns a bool tensor.
+    '''
+    return tf.greater(x, y)
+
+
+def greater_equal(x, y):
+    '''Element-wise truth value of (x >= y).
+    Returns a bool tensor.
+    '''
+    return tf.greater_equal(x, y)
+
+
+def lesser(x, y):
+    '''Element-wise truth value of (x < y).
+    Returns a bool tensor.
+    '''
+    return tf.less(x, y)
+
+
+def lesser_equal(x, y):
+    '''Element-wise truth value of (x <= y).
+    Returns a bool tensor.
+    '''
+    return tf.less_equal(x, y)
+
+
 def maximum(x, y):
     '''Element-wise maximum of two tensors.
     '''
@@ -480,6 +618,44 @@ def cos(x):
     return tf.cos(x)
 
 
+def normalize_batch_in_training(x, gamma, beta,
+                                reduction_axes, epsilon=0.0001):
+    '''Compute mean and std for batch then apply batch_normalization on batch.
+    '''
+    mean, var = tf.nn.moments(x, reduction_axes,
+                              shift=None, name=None, keep_dims=False)
+    if sorted(reduction_axes) == range(ndim(x))[:-1]:
+        normed = tf.nn.batch_normalization(x, mean, var,
+                                           beta, gamma,
+                                           epsilon)
+    else:
+        # need broadcasting
+        target_shape = []
+        for axis in range(ndim(x)):
+            if axis in reduction_axes:
+                target_shape.append(1)
+            else:
+                target_shape.append(tf.shape(x)[axis])
+        target_shape = tf.pack(target_shape)
+
+        broadcast_mean = tf.reshape(mean, target_shape)
+        broadcast_var = tf.reshape(var, target_shape)
+        broadcast_gamma = tf.reshape(gamma, target_shape)
+        broadcast_beta = tf.reshape(beta, target_shape)
+        normed = tf.nn.batch_normalization(x, broadcast_mean, broadcast_var,
+                                           broadcast_beta, broadcast_gamma,
+                                           epsilon)
+    return normed, mean, var
+
+
+def batch_normalization(x, mean, var, beta, gamma, epsilon=0.0001):
+    '''Apply batch normalization on x given mean, var, beta and gamma:
+
+    output = (x - mean) / (sqrt(var) + epsilon) * gamma + beta
+    '''
+    return tf.nn.batch_normalization(x, mean, var, beta, gamma, epsilon)
+
+
 # SHAPE OPERATIONS
 
 def concatenate(tensors, axis=-1):
@@ -536,6 +712,27 @@ def resize_images(X, height_factor, width_factor, dim_ordering):
         raise Exception('Invalid dim_ordering: ' + dim_ordering)
 
 
+def resize_volumes(X, depth_factor, height_factor, width_factor, dim_ordering):
+    '''Resize the volume contained in a 5D tensor of shape
+    - [batch, channels, depth, height, width] (for 'th' dim_ordering)
+    - [batch, depth, height, width, channels] (for 'tf' dim_ordering)
+    by a factor of (depth_factor, height_factor, width_factor).
+    All three factors should be positive integers.
+    '''
+    if dim_ordering == 'th':
+        output = repeat_elements(X, depth_factor, axis=2)
+        output = repeat_elements(output, height_factor, axis=3)
+        output = repeat_elements(output, width_factor, axis=4)
+        return output
+    elif dim_ordering == 'tf':
+        output = repeat_elements(X, depth_factor, axis=1)
+        output = repeat_elements(output, height_factor, axis=2)
+        output = repeat_elements(output, width_factor, axis=3)
+        return output
+    else:
+        raise Exception('Invalid dim_ordering: ' + dim_ordering)
+
+
 def repeat_elements(x, rep, axis):
     '''Repeats the elements of a tensor along an axis, like np.repeat
 
@@ -576,7 +773,7 @@ def batch_flatten(x):
     '''Turn a n-D tensor into a 2D tensor where
     the first dimension is conserved.
     '''
-    x = tf.reshape(x, [-1, np.prod(x.get_shape()[1:].as_list())])
+    x = tf.reshape(x, [-1, prod(shape(x)[1:])])
     return x
 
 
@@ -614,9 +811,42 @@ def spatial_2d_padding(x, padding=(1, 1), dim_ordering='th'):
     return tf.pad(x, pattern)
 
 
+def spatial_3d_padding(x, padding=(1, 1, 1), dim_ordering='th'):
+    '''Pads 5D tensor with zeros for the depth, height, width dimension with
+    "padding[0]", "padding[1]" and "padding[2]" (resp.) zeros left and right
+
+    For 'tf' dim_ordering, the 2nd, 3rd and 4th dimension will be padded.
+    For 'th' dim_ordering, the 3rd, 4th and 5th dimension will be padded.
+    '''
+    if dim_ordering == 'th':
+        pattern = [
+            [0, 0],
+            [0, 0],
+            [padding[0], padding[0]],
+            [padding[1], padding[1]],
+            [padding[2], padding[2]]
+        ]
+    else:
+        pattern = [
+            [0, 0],
+            [padding[0], padding[0]],
+            [padding[1], padding[1]],
+            [padding[2], padding[2]],
+            [0, 0]
+        ]
+    return tf.pad(x, pattern)
+
+
 def pack(x):
     return tf.pack(x)
 
+def one_hot(indices, nb_classes):
+    '''
+    Input: nD integer tensor of shape (batch_size, dim1, dim2, ... dim(n-1))
+    Output: (n + 1)D one hot representation of the input with shape (batch_size, dim1, dim2, ... dim(n-1), nb_classes)
+    '''
+    return tf.one_hot(indices, depth=nb_classes, axis=-1)
+
 
 # VALUE MANIPULATION
 
@@ -642,7 +872,11 @@ def set_value(x, value):
     '''Sets the value of a tensor variable,
     from a Numpy array.
     '''
-    tf.assign(x, np.asarray(value)).op.run(session=get_session())
+    value = np.asarray(value)
+    tf_dtype = _convert_string_dtype(x.dtype.name.split('_')[0])
+    assign_placeholder = tf.placeholder(tf_dtype, shape=value.shape)
+    assign_op = x.assign(assign_placeholder)
+    get_session().run(assign_op, feed_dict={assign_placeholder: value})
 
 
 def batch_set_value(tuples):
@@ -653,8 +887,23 @@ def batch_set_value(tuples):
             `value` should be a Numpy array.
     '''
     if tuples:
-        ops = [tf.assign(x, np.asarray(value)) for x, value in tuples]
-        get_session().run(ops)
+        assign_ops = []
+        feed_dict = {}
+        for x, value in tuples:
+            value = np.asarray(value)
+            tf_dtype = _convert_string_dtype(x.dtype.name.split('_')[0])
+            assign_placeholder = tf.placeholder(tf_dtype, shape=value.shape)
+            assign_ops.append(x.assign(assign_placeholder))
+            feed_dict[assign_placeholder] = value
+        get_session().run(assign_ops, feed_dict=feed_dict)
+
+
+def print_tensor(x, message=''):
+    '''Print the message and the tensor when evaluated and return the same
+    tensor.
+    '''
+    return tf.Print(x, [x], message)
+
 
 # GRAPH MANIPULATION
 
@@ -667,14 +916,22 @@ class Function(object):
         self.inputs = list(inputs)
         self.outputs = list(outputs)
         with tf.control_dependencies(self.outputs):
-            self.updates = [tf.assign(p, new_p) for (p, new_p) in updates]
+            updates_ops = []
+            for update in updates:
+                if type(update) is tuple:
+                    p, new_p = update
+                    updates_ops.append(tf.assign(p, new_p))
+                else:
+                    # assumed already an op
+                    updates_ops.append(update)
+            self.updates_op = tf.group(*updates_ops)
 
     def __call__(self, inputs):
         assert type(inputs) in {list, tuple}
-        names = [v.name for v in self.inputs]
+        names = [getattr(v, 'name', None) for v in self.inputs]
         feed_dict = dict(zip(names, inputs))
         session = get_session()
-        updated = session.run(self.outputs + self.updates, feed_dict=feed_dict)
+        updated = session.run(self.outputs + [self.updates_op], feed_dict=feed_dict)
         return updated[:len(self.outputs)]
 
 
@@ -702,6 +959,13 @@ def gradients(loss, variables):
     return tf.gradients(loss, variables)
 
 
+def stop_gradient(variables):
+    '''Returns `variables` but with zero gradient with respect to every other
+    variables.
+    '''
+    return tf.stop_gradient(variables)
+
+
 # CONTROL FLOW
 
 def rnn(step_function, inputs, initial_states,
@@ -834,6 +1098,11 @@ def in_train_phase(x, alt):
     '''Selects `x` in train phase, and `alt` otherwise.
     Note that `alt` should have the *same shape* as `x`.
     '''
+    if _LEARNING_PHASE is 1:
+        return x
+    elif _LEARNING_PHASE is 0:
+        return alt
+    # else: assume learning phase is a placeholder.
     x_shape = copy.copy(x.get_shape())
     x = tf.python.control_flow_ops.cond(tf.cast(_LEARNING_PHASE, 'bool'),
                                         lambda: x,
@@ -847,6 +1116,10 @@ def in_test_phase(x, alt):
     '''Selects `x` in test phase, and `alt` otherwise.
     Note that `alt` should have the *same shape* as `x`.
     '''
+    if _LEARNING_PHASE is 1:
+        return alt
+    elif _LEARNING_PHASE is 0:
+        return x
     x_shape = copy.copy(x.get_shape())
     x = tf.python.control_flow_ops.cond(tf.cast(_LEARNING_PHASE, 'bool'),
                                         lambda: alt,
@@ -865,14 +1138,16 @@ def relu(x, alpha=0., max_value=None):
         alpha: slope of negative section.
         max_value: saturation threshold.
     '''
-    negative_part = tf.nn.relu(-x)
+    if alpha != 0.:
+        negative_part = tf.nn.relu(-x)
     x = tf.nn.relu(x)
     if max_value is not None:
-        x = tf.clip_by_value(x, tf.cast(0., dtype=_FLOATX),
-                             tf.cast(max_value, dtype=_FLOATX))
-    if isinstance(alpha, (tuple, list, np.ndarray)) or np.isscalar(alpha):
-        alpha = tf.constant(alpha, dtype=_FLOATX)
-    x -= alpha * negative_part
+        max_value = _to_tensor(max_value, x.dtype.base_dtype)
+        zero = _to_tensor(0., x.dtype.base_dtype)
+        x = tf.clip_by_value(x, zero, max_value)
+    if alpha != 0.:
+        alpha = _to_tensor(alpha, x.dtype.base_dtype)
+        x -= alpha * negative_part
     return x
 
 
@@ -905,8 +1180,8 @@ def categorical_crossentropy(output, target, from_logits=False):
                                 reduction_indices=len(output.get_shape()) - 1,
                                 keep_dims=True)
         # manual computation of crossentropy
-        output = tf.clip_by_value(output, tf.cast(_EPSILON, dtype=_FLOATX),
-                                  tf.cast(1. - _EPSILON, dtype=_FLOATX))
+        epsilon = _to_tensor(_EPSILON, output.dtype.base_dtype)
+        output = tf.clip_by_value(output, epsilon, 1. - epsilon)
         return - tf.reduce_sum(target * tf.log(output),
                                reduction_indices=len(output.get_shape()) - 1)
     else:
@@ -920,8 +1195,8 @@ def sparse_categorical_crossentropy(output, target, from_logits=False):
     # Note: tf.nn.softmax_cross_entropy_with_logits
     # expects logits, Keras expects probabilities.
     if not from_logits:
-        output = tf.clip_by_value(output, tf.cast(_EPSILON, dtype=_FLOATX),
-                                  tf.cast(1.-_EPSILON, dtype=_FLOATX))
+        epsilon = _to_tensor(_EPSILON, output.dtype.base_dtype)
+        output = tf.clip_by_value(output, epsilon, 1 - epsilon)
         output = tf.log(output)
 
     output_shape = output.get_shape()
@@ -942,8 +1217,8 @@ def binary_crossentropy(output, target, from_logits=False):
     # expects logits, Keras expects probabilities.
     if not from_logits:
         # transform back to logits
-        output = tf.clip_by_value(output, tf.cast(_EPSILON, dtype=_FLOATX),
-                                  tf.cast(1.-_EPSILON, dtype=_FLOATX))
+        epsilon = _to_tensor(_EPSILON, output.dtype.base_dtype)
+        output = tf.clip_by_value(output, epsilon, 1 - epsilon)
         output = tf.log(output / (1 - output))
     return tf.nn.sigmoid_cross_entropy_with_logits(output, target)
 
@@ -959,8 +1234,9 @@ def hard_sigmoid(x):
     Faster than sigmoid.
     '''
     x = (0.2 * x) + 0.5
-    x = tf.clip_by_value(x, tf.cast(0., dtype=_FLOATX),
-                         tf.cast(1., dtype=_FLOATX))
+    zero = _to_tensor(0., x.dtype.base_dtype)
+    one = _to_tensor(1., x.dtype.base_dtype)
+    x = tf.clip_by_value(x, zero, one)
     return x
 
 
@@ -998,55 +1274,212 @@ def l2_normalize(x, axis):
 
 # CONVOLUTIONS
 
+def _preprocess_deconv_output_shape(shape, dim_ordering):
+    if dim_ordering == 'th':
+        shape = (shape[0], shape[2], shape[3], shape[1])
+    return shape
 
-def conv2d(x, kernel, strides=(1, 1), border_mode='valid', dim_ordering='th',
-           image_shape=None, filter_shape=None):
-    '''2D convolution.
 
-    # Arguments
-        kernel: kernel tensor.
-        strides: strides tuple.
-        border_mode: string, "same" or "valid".
-        dim_ordering: "tf" or "th". Whether to use Theano or TensorFlow dimension ordering
-        in inputs/kernels/ouputs.
-    '''
+def _preprocess_conv2d_input(x, dim_ordering):
+    if _FLOATX == 'float64':
+        x = tf.cast(x, 'float32')
+    if dim_ordering == 'th':
+        # TF uses the last dimension as channel dimension,
+        # instead of the 2nd one.
+        # TH input shape: (samples, input_depth, rows, cols)
+        # TF input shape: (samples, rows, cols, input_depth)
+        x = tf.transpose(x, (0, 2, 3, 1))
+    return x
+
+
+def _preprocess_conv3d_input(x, dim_ordering):
+    if _FLOATX == 'float64':
+        x = tf.cast(x, 'float32')
+    if dim_ordering == 'th':
+        # TF uses the last dimension as channel dimension,
+        # instead of the 2nd one.
+        # TH input shape: (samples, input_depth, conv_dim1, conv_dim2, conv_dim3)
+        # TF input shape: (samples, conv_dim1, conv_dim2, conv_dim3, input_depth)
+        x = tf.transpose(x, (0, 2, 3, 4, 1))
+    return x
+
+
+def _preprocess_conv2d_kernel(kernel, dim_ordering):
+    if _FLOATX == 'float64':
+        kernel = tf.cast(kernel, 'float32')
+    if dim_ordering == 'th':
+        # TF uses the last dimension as channel dimension,
+        # instead of the 2nd one.
+        # TH kernel shape: (depth, input_depth, rows, cols)
+        # TF kernel shape: (rows, cols, input_depth, depth)
+        kernel = tf.transpose(kernel, (2, 3, 1, 0))
+    return kernel
+
+
+def _preprocess_conv3d_kernel(kernel, dim_ordering):
+    if _FLOATX == 'float64':
+        kernel = tf.cast(kernel, 'float32')
+    if dim_ordering == 'th':
+        # TF uses the last dimension as channel dimension,
+        # instead of the 2nd one.
+        # TH kernel shape: (out_depth, input_depth, kernel_dim1, kernel_dim2, kernel_dim3)
+        # TF kernel shape: (kernel_dim1, kernel_dim2, kernel_dim3, input_depth, out_depth)
+        kernel = tf.transpose(kernel, (2, 3, 4, 1, 0))
+    return kernel
+
+
+def _preprocess_border_mode(border_mode):
     if border_mode == 'same':
         padding = 'SAME'
     elif border_mode == 'valid':
         padding = 'VALID'
     else:
         raise Exception('Invalid border mode: ' + str(border_mode))
+    return padding
 
-    strides = (1,) + strides + (1,)
-
-    if _FLOATX == 'float64':
-        # tf conv2d only supports float32
-        x = tf.cast(x, 'float32')
-        kernel = tf.cast(kernel, 'float32')
 
+def _postprocess_conv2d_output(x, dim_ordering):
     if dim_ordering == 'th':
-        # TF uses the last dimension as channel dimension,
-        # instead of the 2nd one.
-        # TH input shape: (samples, input_depth, rows, cols)
-        # TF input shape: (samples, rows, cols, input_depth)
-        # TH kernel shape: (depth, input_depth, rows, cols)
-        # TF kernel shape: (rows, cols, input_depth, depth)
-        x = tf.transpose(x, (0, 2, 3, 1))
-        kernel = tf.transpose(kernel, (2, 3, 1, 0))
-        x = tf.nn.conv2d(x, kernel, strides, padding=padding)
         x = tf.transpose(x, (0, 3, 1, 2))
-    elif dim_ordering == 'tf':
-        x = tf.nn.conv2d(x, kernel, strides, padding=padding)
-    else:
-        raise Exception('Unknown dim_ordering: ' + str(dim_ordering))
 
     if _FLOATX == 'float64':
         x = tf.cast(x, 'float64')
     return x
 
 
+def _postprocess_conv3d_output(x, dim_ordering):
+    if dim_ordering == 'th':
+        x = tf.transpose(x, (0, 4, 1, 2, 3))
+
+    if _FLOATX == 'float64':
+        x = tf.cast(x, 'float64')
+    return x
+
+
+def conv2d(x, kernel, strides=(1, 1), border_mode='valid',
+           dim_ordering=_IMAGE_DIM_ORDERING,
+           image_shape=None, filter_shape=None, filter_dilation=(1, 1)):
+    '''2D convolution.
+
+    # Arguments
+        kernel: kernel tensor.
+        strides: strides tuple.
+        border_mode: string, "same" or "valid".
+        dim_ordering: "tf" or "th".
+            Whether to use Theano or TensorFlow dimension ordering
+            for inputs/kernels/ouputs.
+    '''
+    if dim_ordering not in {'th', 'tf'}:
+        raise Exception('Unknown dim_ordering ' + str(dim_ordering))
+
+    x = _preprocess_conv2d_input(x, dim_ordering)
+    kernel = _preprocess_conv2d_kernel(kernel, dim_ordering)
+    padding = _preprocess_border_mode(border_mode)
+    if filter_dilation == (1, 1):
+        strides = (1,) + strides + (1,)
+        x = tf.nn.conv2d(x, kernel, strides, padding=padding)
+    else:
+        assert filter_dilation[0] == filter_dilation[1]
+        assert strides == (1, 1), 'Invalid strides for dilated convolution'
+        x = tf.nn.atrous_conv2d(x, kernel, filter_dilation[0], padding=padding)
+    return _postprocess_conv2d_output(x, dim_ordering)
+
+
+def deconv2d(x, kernel, output_shape, strides=(1, 1),
+             border_mode='valid',
+             dim_ordering=_IMAGE_DIM_ORDERING,
+             image_shape=None, filter_shape=None):
+    '''2D deconvolution (i.e. transposed convolution).
+
+    # Arguments
+        x: input tensor.
+        kernel: kernel tensor.
+        output_shape: 1D int tensor for the output shape.
+        strides: strides tuple.
+        border_mode: string, "same" or "valid".
+        dim_ordering: "tf" or "th".
+            Whether to use Theano or TensorFlow dimension ordering
+            for inputs/kernels/ouputs.
+    '''
+    if dim_ordering not in {'th', 'tf'}:
+        raise Exception('Unknown dim_ordering ' + str(dim_ordering))
+
+    x = _preprocess_conv2d_input(x, dim_ordering)
+    output_shape = _preprocess_deconv_output_shape(output_shape, dim_ordering)
+    kernel = _preprocess_conv2d_kernel(kernel, dim_ordering)
+    kernel = tf.transpose(kernel, (0, 1, 3, 2))
+    padding = _preprocess_border_mode(border_mode)
+    strides = (1,) + strides + (1,)
+
+    x = tf.nn.conv2d_transpose(x, kernel, output_shape, strides,
+                               padding=padding)
+    return _postprocess_conv2d_output(x, dim_ordering)
+
+
+def atrous_conv2d(x, kernel, rate=1,
+                  border_mode='valid',
+                  dim_ordering=_IMAGE_DIM_ORDERING,
+                  image_shape=None, filter_shape=None):
+    if dim_ordering not in {'th', 'tf'}:
+        raise Exception('Unknown dim_ordering ' + str(dim_ordering))
+    if rate == 1:
+        return conv2d(x, kernel, strides=(1, 1), border_mode=border_mode,
+                      dim_ordering=dim_ordering)
+
+    x = _preprocess_conv2d_input(x, dim_ordering)
+    kernel = _preprocess_conv2d_kernel(kernel, dim_ordering)
+    padding = _preprocess_border_mode(border_mode)
+
+    x = tf.nn.atrous_conv2d(x, kernel, rate, padding)
+    return _postprocess_conv2d_output(x, dim_ordering)
+
+
+def separable_conv2d(x, depthwise_kernel, pointwise_kernel, strides=(1, 1),
+                     border_mode='valid', dim_ordering=_IMAGE_DIM_ORDERING):
+    if dim_ordering not in {'th', 'tf'}:
+        raise Exception('Unknown dim_ordering ' + str(dim_ordering))
+
+    x = _preprocess_conv2d_input(x, dim_ordering)
+    depthwise_kernel = _preprocess_conv2d_kernel(depthwise_kernel,
+                                                 dim_ordering)
+    pointwise_kernel = _preprocess_conv2d_kernel(pointwise_kernel,
+                                                 dim_ordering)
+    padding = _preprocess_border_mode(border_mode)
+    strides = (1,) + strides + (1,)
+
+    x = tf.nn.separable_conv2d(x, depthwise_kernel, pointwise_kernel,
+                               strides, padding)
+    return _postprocess_conv2d_output(x, dim_ordering)
+
+
+def conv3d(x, kernel, strides=(1, 1, 1),
+           border_mode='valid', dim_ordering=_IMAGE_DIM_ORDERING,
+           volume_shape=None, filter_shape=None):
+    '''3D convolution.
+
+    # Arguments
+        kernel: kernel tensor.
+        strides: strides tuple.
+        border_mode: string, "same" or "valid".
+        dim_ordering: "tf" or "th".
+            Whether to use Theano or TensorFlow dimension ordering
+            for inputs/kernels/ouputs.
+    '''
+    if dim_ordering not in {'th', 'tf'}:
+        raise Exception('Unknown dim_ordering ' + str(dim_ordering))
+
+    x = _preprocess_conv3d_input(x, dim_ordering)
+    kernel = _preprocess_conv3d_kernel(kernel, dim_ordering)
+    padding = _preprocess_border_mode(border_mode)
+    strides = (1,) + strides + (1,)
+
+    x = tf.nn.conv3d(x, kernel, strides, padding)
+    return _postprocess_conv3d_output(x, dim_ordering)
+
+
 def pool2d(x, pool_size, strides=(1, 1),
-           border_mode='valid', dim_ordering='th', pool_mode='max'):
+           border_mode='valid', dim_ordering=_IMAGE_DIM_ORDERING,
+           pool_mode='max'):
     '''2D Pooling.
 
     # Arguments
@@ -1056,43 +1489,53 @@ def pool2d(x, pool_size, strides=(1, 1),
         dim_ordering: one of "th", "tf".
         pool_mode: one of "max", "avg".
     '''
-    if border_mode == 'same':
-        padding = 'SAME'
-    elif border_mode == 'valid':
-        padding = 'VALID'
-    else:
-        raise Exception('Invalid border mode: ' + str(border_mode))
+    if dim_ordering not in {'th', 'tf'}:
+        raise Exception('Unknown dim_ordering ' + str(dim_ordering))
 
+    padding = _preprocess_border_mode(border_mode)
     strides = (1,) + strides + (1,)
     pool_size = (1,) + pool_size + (1,)
 
-    if _FLOATX == 'float64':
-        # tf max_pool only supports float32
-        x = tf.cast(x, 'float32')
+    x = _preprocess_conv2d_input(x, dim_ordering)
 
-    if dim_ordering in {'tf', 'th'}:
-        if dim_ordering == 'th':
-            # TF uses the last dimension as channel dimension,
-            # instead of the 2nd one.
-            # TH input shape: (samples, input_depth, rows, cols)
-            # TF input shape: (samples, rows, cols, input_depth)
-            # TH kernel shape: (depth, input_depth, rows, cols)
-            # TF kernel shape: (rows, cols, input_depth, depth)
-            x = tf.transpose(x, (0, 2, 3, 1))
-        if pool_mode == 'max':
-            x = tf.nn.max_pool(x, pool_size, strides, padding=padding)
-        elif pool_mode == 'avg':
-            x = tf.nn.avg_pool(x, pool_size, strides, padding=padding)
-        else:
-            raise Exception('Invalid pooling mode: ' + str(pool_mode))
-        if dim_ordering == 'th':
-            x = tf.transpose(x, (0, 3, 1, 2))
+    if pool_mode == 'max':
+        x = tf.nn.max_pool(x, pool_size, strides, padding=padding)
+    elif pool_mode == 'avg':
+        x = tf.nn.avg_pool(x, pool_size, strides, padding=padding)
     else:
-        raise Exception('Unknown dim_ordering: ' + str(dim_ordering))
+        raise Exception('Invalid pooling mode: ' + str(pool_mode))
 
-    if _FLOATX == 'float64':
-        x = tf.cast(x, 'float64')
-    return x
+    return _postprocess_conv2d_output(x, dim_ordering)
+
+
+def pool3d(x, pool_size, strides=(1, 1, 1), border_mode='valid',
+           dim_ordering=_IMAGE_DIM_ORDERING, pool_mode='max'):
+    '''3D Pooling.
+
+    # Arguments
+        pool_size: tuple of 3 integers.
+        strides: tuple of 3 integers.
+        border_mode: one of "valid", "same".
+        dim_ordering: one of "th", "tf".
+        pool_mode: one of "max", "avg".
+    '''
+    if dim_ordering not in {'th', 'tf'}:
+        raise Exception('Unknown dim_ordering ' + str(dim_ordering))
+
+    padding = _preprocess_border_mode(border_mode)
+    strides = (1,) + strides + (1,)
+    pool_size = (1,) + pool_size + (1,)
+
+    x = _preprocess_conv3d_input(x, dim_ordering)
+
+    if pool_mode == 'max':
+        x = tf.nn.max_pool3d(x, pool_size, strides, padding=padding)
+    elif pool_mode == 'avg':
+        x = tf.nn.avg_pool3d(x, pool_size, strides, padding=padding)
+    else:
+        raise Exception('Invalid pooling mode: ' + str(pool_mode))
+
+    return _postprocess_conv3d_output(x, dim_ordering)
 
 
 # RANDOMNESS
@@ -1115,4 +1558,5 @@ def random_binomial(shape, p=0.0, dtype=_FLOATX, seed=None):
     if seed is None:
         seed = np.random.randint(10e6)
     return tf.select(tf.random_uniform(shape, dtype=dtype, seed=seed) <= p,
-                     tf.ones(shape), tf.zeros(shape))
+                     tf.ones(shape, dtype=dtype),
+                     tf.zeros(shape, dtype=dtype))

keras/backend/theano_backend.py

@@ -3,13 +3,14 @@ from theano import tensor as T
 from theano.sandbox.rng_mrg import MRG_RandomStreams as RandomStreams
 from theano.tensor.signal import pool
 from theano.tensor.nnet import conv3d2d
+from theano.printing import Print
 try:
     from theano.tensor.nnet.nnet import softsign as T_softsign
 except ImportError:
     from theano.sandbox.softsign import softsign as T_softsign
 import inspect
 import numpy as np
-from .common import _FLOATX, _EPSILON
+from .common import _FLOATX, _EPSILON, _IMAGE_DIM_ORDERING
 
 
 # INTERNAL UTILS
@@ -22,6 +23,14 @@ def learning_phase():
     return _LEARNING_PHASE
 
 
+def set_learning_phase(value):
+    global _LEARNING_PHASE
+    if value not in {0, 1}:
+        raise ValueError('Expected learning phase to be '
+                         '0 or 1.')
+    _LEARNING_PHASE = value
+
+
 # VARIABLE MANIPULATION
 
 def variable(value, dtype=_FLOATX, name=None):
@@ -97,6 +106,16 @@ def zeros_like(x):
     return T.zeros_like(x)
 
 
+def random_uniform_variable(shape, low, high, dtype=_FLOATX, name=None):
+    return variable(np.random.uniform(low=low, high=high, size=shape),
+                    dtype=dtype, name=name)
+
+
+def random_normal_variable(shape, mean, scale, dtype=_FLOATX, name=None):
+    return variable(np.random.normal(loc=0.0, scale=scale, size=shape),
+                    dtype=dtype, name=name)
+
+
 def count_params(x):
     '''Return number of scalars in a tensor.
 
@@ -109,6 +128,25 @@ def cast(x, dtype):
     return T.cast(x, dtype)
 
 
+# UPDATES OPS
+
+
+def update(x, new_x):
+    return (x, new_x)
+
+
+def update_add(x, increment):
+    return (x, x + increment)
+
+
+def update_sub(x, decrement):
+    return (x, x - decrement)
+
+
+def moving_average_update(variable, value, momentum):
+    return (variable, variable * momentum + value * (1. - momentum))
+
+
 # LINEAR ALGEBRA
 
 '''
@@ -122,25 +160,42 @@ def dot(x, y):
 
 
 def batch_dot(x, y, axes=None):
-    '''batchwise dot product
+    '''Batchwise dot product.
+
     batch_dot results in a tensor with less dimensions than the input.
     If the number of dimensions is reduced to 1, we use `expand_dims` to
     make sure that ndim is at least 2.
 
-    # Example
-        Assume x = [[1, 2]   and y = [[5, 6]
-                    [3, 4]]           [7, 8]]
-        batch_dot(x, y, axes=1) = [[17, 53]] which is the main diagonal
-        of x.dot(y.T), although we never have to calculate the off-diagonal
-        elements.
-
-
     # Arguments
         x, y: tensors with ndim >= 2
         axes: list (or single) int with target dimensions
 
     # Returns
-        Tensor with ndim >= 2
+        A tensor with shape equal to the concatenation of x's shape
+        (less the dimension that was summed over) and y's shape
+        (less the batch dimension and the dimension that was summed over).
+        If the final rank is 1, we reshape it to (batch_size, 1).
+
+    # Examples
+        Assume x = [[1, 2], [3, 4]]   and y = [[5, 6], [7, 8]]
+        batch_dot(x, y, axes=1) = [[17, 53]] which is the main diagonal
+        of x.dot(y.T), although we never have to calculate the off-diagonal
+        elements.
+
+        Shape inference:
+        Let x's shape be (100, 20) and y's shape be (100, 30, 20).
+        If dot_axes is (1, 2), to find the output shape of resultant tensor,
+            loop through each dimension in x's shape and y's shape:
+        x.shape[0] : 100 : append to output shape
+        x.shape[1] : 20 : do not append to output shape,
+            dimension 1 of x has been summed over. (dot_axes[0] = 1)
+        y.shape[0] : 100 : do not append to output shape,
+            always ignore first dimension of y
+        y.shape[1] : 30 : append to output shape
+        y.shape[2] : 20 : do not append to output shape,
+            dimension 2 of y has been summed over. (dot_axes[1] = 2)
+
+        output_shape = (100, 30)
     '''
     if type(axes) == int:
         axes = (axes, axes)
@@ -271,6 +326,22 @@ def not_equal(x, y):
     return T.neq(x, y)
 
 
+def greater(x, y):
+    return T.gt(x, y)
+
+
+def greater_equal(x, y):
+    return T.ge(x, y)
+
+
+def lesser(x, y):
+    return T.lt(x, y)
+
+
+def lesser_equal(x, y):
+    return T.le(x, y)
+
+
 def maximum(x, y):
     return T.maximum(x, y)
 
@@ -287,6 +358,40 @@ def cos(x):
     return T.cos(x)
 
 
+def normalize_batch_in_training(x, gamma, beta,
+                                reduction_axes, epsilon=0.0001):
+    '''Compute mean and std for batch then apply batch_normalization on batch.
+    '''
+    var = x.var(reduction_axes)
+    mean = x.mean(reduction_axes)
+
+    target_shape = []
+    for axis in range(ndim(x)):
+        if axis in reduction_axes:
+            target_shape.append(1)
+        else:
+            target_shape.append(x.shape[axis])
+    target_shape = T.stack(*target_shape)
+
+    broadcast_mean = T.reshape(mean, target_shape)
+    broadcast_var = T.reshape(var, target_shape)
+    broadcast_beta = T.reshape(beta, target_shape)
+    broadcast_gamma = T.reshape(gamma, target_shape)
+    normed = batch_normalization(x, broadcast_mean, broadcast_var,
+                                 broadcast_beta, broadcast_gamma,
+                                 epsilon)
+    return normed, mean, var
+
+
+def batch_normalization(x, mean, var, beta, gamma, epsilon=0.0001):
+    '''Apply batch normalization on x given mean, var, beta and gamma.
+    '''
+    normed = T.nnet.bn.batch_normalization(x, gamma, beta, mean,
+                                           sqrt(var) + epsilon,
+                                           mode='high_mem')
+    return normed
+
+
 # SHAPE OPERATIONS
 
 def concatenate(tensors, axis=-1):
@@ -490,6 +595,19 @@ def spatial_3d_padding(x, padding=(1, 1, 1), dim_ordering='th'):
 def pack(x):
     return T.stack(*x)
 
+
+def one_hot(indices, nb_classes):
+    '''
+    Input: nD integer tensor of shape (batch_size, dim1, dim2, ... dim(n-1))
+    Output: (n + 1)D one hot representation of the input with shape (batch_size, dim1, dim2, ... dim(n-1), nb_classes)
+    '''
+    input_shape = tuple((indices.shape[i] for i in range(indices.ndim)))
+    indices = T.flatten(indices)
+    oh = T.extra_ops.to_one_hot(indices, nb_classes)
+    oh = T.reshape(oh, input_shape + (nb_classes,))
+    return oh
+
+
 # VALUE MANIPULATION
 
 
@@ -516,6 +634,14 @@ def batch_set_value(tuples):
         x.set_value(np.asarray(value, dtype=x.dtype))
 
 
+def print_tensor(x, message=''):
+    '''Print the message and the tensor when evaluated and return the same
+    tensor.
+    '''
+    p_op = Print(message)
+    return p_op(x)
+
+
 # GRAPH MANIPULATION
 
 class Function(object):
@@ -523,7 +649,7 @@ class Function(object):
     def __init__(self, inputs, outputs, updates=[], **kwargs):
         self.function = theano.function(inputs, outputs, updates=updates,
                                         allow_input_downcast=True,
-                                        on_unused_input='warn',
+                                        on_unused_input='ignore',
                                         **kwargs)
 
     def __call__(self, inputs):
@@ -545,6 +671,13 @@ def gradients(loss, variables):
     return T.grad(loss, variables)
 
 
+def stop_gradient(variables):
+    '''Returns `variables` but with zero gradient with respect to every other
+    variables.
+    '''
+    return theano.gradient.disconnected_grad(variables)
+
+
 # CONTROL FLOW
 
 def rnn(step_function, inputs, initial_states,
@@ -717,12 +850,20 @@ def switch(condition, then_expression, else_expression):
 
 
 def in_train_phase(x, alt):
+    if _LEARNING_PHASE is 1:
+        return x
+    elif _LEARNING_PHASE is 0:
+        return alt
     x = T.switch(_LEARNING_PHASE, x, alt)
     x._uses_learning_phase = True
     return x
 
 
 def in_test_phase(x, alt):
+    if _LEARNING_PHASE is 1:
+        return alt
+    elif _LEARNING_PHASE is 0:
+        return x
     x = T.switch(_LEARNING_PHASE, alt, x)
     x._uses_learning_phase = True
     return x
@@ -810,68 +951,172 @@ def l2_normalize(x, axis):
 
 # CONVOLUTIONS
 
-def conv2d(x, kernel, strides=(1, 1), border_mode='valid', dim_ordering='th',
-           image_shape=None, filter_shape=None):
-    '''
-    border_mode: string, "same" or "valid".
-    '''
-    if dim_ordering not in {'th', 'tf'}:
-        raise Exception('Unknown dim_ordering ' + str(dim_ordering))
-
+def _preprocess_conv2d_input(x, dim_ordering):
     if dim_ordering == 'tf':
         # TF uses the last dimension as channel dimension,
         # instead of the 2nd one.
         # TH input shape: (samples, input_depth, rows, cols)
         # TF input shape: (samples, rows, cols, input_depth)
+        x = x.dimshuffle((0, 3, 1, 2))
+    return x
+
+
+def _preprocess_conv2d_kernel(kernel, dim_ordering):
+    if dim_ordering == 'tf':
+        # TF uses the last dimension as channel dimension,
+        # instead of the 2nd one.
         # TH kernel shape: (depth, input_depth, rows, cols)
         # TF kernel shape: (rows, cols, input_depth, depth)
-        x = x.dimshuffle((0, 3, 1, 2))
         kernel = kernel.dimshuffle((3, 2, 0, 1))
-        if image_shape:
-            image_shape = (image_shape[0], image_shape[3],
-                           image_shape[1], image_shape[2])
-        if filter_shape:
-            filter_shape = (filter_shape[3], filter_shape[2],
-                            filter_shape[0], filter_shape[1])
+    return kernel
 
+
+def _preprocess_border_mode(border_mode):
     if border_mode == 'same':
         th_border_mode = 'half'
-        np_kernel = kernel.eval()
     elif border_mode == 'valid':
         th_border_mode = 'valid'
     else:
         raise Exception('Border mode not supported: ' + str(border_mode))
+    return th_border_mode
 
+
+def _preprocess_image_shape(dim_ordering, image_shape):
     # Theano might not accept long type
     def int_or_none(value):
         try:
             return int(value)
         except TypeError:
             return None
-
+    if dim_ordering == 'tf':
+        if image_shape:
+            image_shape = (image_shape[0], image_shape[3],
+                           image_shape[1], image_shape[2])
     if image_shape is not None:
         image_shape = tuple(int_or_none(v) for v in image_shape)
+    return image_shape
 
+
+def _preprocess_filter_shape(dim_ordering, filter_shape):
+    # Theano might not accept long type
+    def int_or_none(value):
+        try:
+            return int(value)
+        except TypeError:
+            return None
+    if dim_ordering == 'tf':
+        if filter_shape:
+            filter_shape = (filter_shape[3], filter_shape[2],
+                            filter_shape[0], filter_shape[1])
     if filter_shape is not None:
         filter_shape = tuple(int_or_none(v) for v in filter_shape)
+    return filter_shape
 
-    conv_out = T.nnet.conv2d(x, kernel,
-                             border_mode=th_border_mode,
-                             subsample=strides,
-                             input_shape=image_shape,
-                             filter_shape=filter_shape)
 
+def _postprocess_conv2d_output(conv_out, x, border_mode, np_kernel, strides, dim_ordering):
     if border_mode == 'same':
         if np_kernel.shape[2] % 2 == 0:
             conv_out = conv_out[:, :, :(x.shape[2] + strides[0] - 1) // strides[0], :]
         if np_kernel.shape[3] % 2 == 0:
             conv_out = conv_out[:, :, :, :(x.shape[3] + strides[1] - 1) // strides[1]]
-
     if dim_ordering == 'tf':
         conv_out = conv_out.dimshuffle((0, 2, 3, 1))
     return conv_out
 
 
+def conv2d(x, kernel, strides=(1, 1), border_mode='valid',
+           dim_ordering=_IMAGE_DIM_ORDERING, image_shape=None,
+           filter_shape=None, filter_dilation=(1, 1)):
+    '''2D convolution.
+
+    # Arguments
+        kernel: kernel tensor.
+        strides: strides tuple.
+        border_mode: string, "same" or "valid".
+        dim_ordering: "tf" or "th".
+            Whether to use Theano or TensorFlow dimension ordering
+        in inputs/kernels/ouputs.
+    '''
+    if dim_ordering not in {'th', 'tf'}:
+        raise Exception('Unknown dim_ordering ' + str(dim_ordering))
+
+    x = _preprocess_conv2d_input(x, dim_ordering)
+    kernel = _preprocess_conv2d_kernel(kernel, dim_ordering)
+    th_border_mode = _preprocess_border_mode(border_mode)
+    np_kernel = kernel.eval()
+    image_shape = _preprocess_image_shape(dim_ordering, image_shape)
+    filter_shape = _preprocess_filter_shape(dim_ordering, filter_shape)
+
+    # TODO: remove the if statement when theano with no filter dilation is deprecated.
+    if filter_dilation == (1, 1):
+        conv_out = T.nnet.conv2d(x, kernel,
+                                 border_mode=th_border_mode,
+                                 subsample=strides,
+                                 input_shape=image_shape,
+                                 filter_shape=filter_shape)
+    else:
+        conv_out = T.nnet.conv2d(x, kernel,
+                                 border_mode=th_border_mode,
+                                 subsample=strides,
+                                 input_shape=image_shape,
+                                 filter_shape=filter_shape,
+                                 filter_dilation=filter_dilation)
+
+    conv_out = _postprocess_conv2d_output(conv_out, x, border_mode, np_kernel,
+                                          strides, dim_ordering)
+    return conv_out
+
+
+def deconv2d(x, kernel, output_shape, strides=(1, 1),
+             border_mode='valid',
+             dim_ordering=_IMAGE_DIM_ORDERING,
+             image_shape=None, filter_shape=None):
+    '''2D deconvolution (transposed convolution).
+
+    # Arguments
+        kernel: kernel tensor.
+        output_shape: desired dimensions of output.
+        strides: strides tuple.
+        border_mode: string, "same" or "valid".
+        dim_ordering: "tf" or "th".
+            Whether to use Theano or TensorFlow dimension ordering
+        in inputs/kernels/ouputs.
+    '''
+    flip_filters = False
+    if dim_ordering not in {'th', 'tf'}:
+        raise Exception('Unknown dim_ordering ' + str(dim_ordering))
+
+    x = _preprocess_conv2d_input(x, dim_ordering)
+    kernel = _preprocess_conv2d_kernel(kernel, dim_ordering)
+    kernel = kernel.dimshuffle((1, 0, 2, 3))
+    th_border_mode = _preprocess_border_mode(border_mode)
+    np_kernel = kernel.eval()
+    filter_shape = _preprocess_filter_shape(dim_ordering, filter_shape)
+
+    op = T.nnet.abstract_conv.AbstractConv2d_gradInputs(imshp=output_shape,
+                                                        kshp=filter_shape,
+                                                        subsample=strides,
+                                                        border_mode=th_border_mode,
+                                                        filter_flip=not flip_filters)
+    conv_out = op(kernel, x, output_shape[2:])
+
+    conv_out = _postprocess_conv2d_output(conv_out, x, border_mode, np_kernel,
+                                          strides, dim_ordering)
+    return conv_out
+
+
+def atrous_conv2d(x, kernel, rate=1,
+                  border_mode='valid',
+                  dim_ordering=_IMAGE_DIM_ORDERING,
+                  image_shape=None, filter_shape=None):
+    raise NotImplementedError
+
+
+def separable_conv2d(x, depthwise_kernel, pointwise_kernel, strides=(1, 1),
+                     border_mode='valid', dim_ordering=_IMAGE_DIM_ORDERING):
+    raise NotImplementedError
+
+
 def conv3d(x, kernel, strides=(1, 1, 1),
            border_mode='valid', dim_ordering='th',
            volume_shape=None, filter_shape=None):

keras/callbacks.py

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import warnings
 from collections import deque
 from .utils.generic_utils import Progbar
 from keras import backend as K
+from pkg_resources import parse_version
 
 
 class CallbackList(object):
@@ -212,6 +213,7 @@ class History(Callback):
         for k, v in logs.items():
             self.history.setdefault(k, []).append(v)
 
+
 class ModelCheckpoint(Callback):
     '''Save the model after every epoch.
 
@@ -229,25 +231,29 @@ class ModelCheckpoint(Callback):
         verbose: verbosity mode, 0 or 1.
         save_best_only: if `save_best_only=True`,
             the latest best model according to
-            the validation loss will not be overwritten.
+            the quantity monitored will not be overwritten.
         mode: one of {auto, min, max}.
             If `save_best_only=True`, the decision
             to overwrite the current save file is made
             based on either the maximization or the
-            minization of the monitored. For `val_acc`,
+            minimization of the monitored quantity. For `val_acc`,
             this should be `max`, for `val_loss` this should
             be `min`, etc. In `auto` mode, the direction is
             automatically inferred from the name of the monitored quantity.
+        save_weights_only: if True, then only the model's weights will be
+            saved (`model.save_weights(filepath)`), else the full model
+            is saved (`model.save(filepath)`).
 
     '''
     def __init__(self, filepath, monitor='val_loss', verbose=0,
-                 save_best_only=False, mode='auto'):
-
+                 save_best_only=False, save_weights_only=False,
+                 mode='auto'):
         super(ModelCheckpoint, self).__init__()
         self.monitor = monitor
         self.verbose = verbose
         self.filepath = filepath
         self.save_best_only = save_best_only
+        self.save_weights_only = save_weights_only
 
         if mode not in ['auto', 'min', 'max']:
             warnings.warn('ModelCheckpoint mode %s is unknown, '
@@ -284,7 +290,10 @@ class ModelCheckpoint(Callback):
                               % (epoch, self.monitor, self.best,
                                  current, filepath))
                     self.best = current
-                    self.model.save_weights(filepath, overwrite=True)
+                    if self.save_weights_only:
+                        self.model.save_weights(filepath, overwrite=True)
+                    else:
+                        self.model.save(filepath, overwrite=True)
                 else:
                     if self.verbose > 0:
                         print('Epoch %05d: %s did not improve' %
@@ -292,7 +301,10 @@ class ModelCheckpoint(Callback):
         else:
             if self.verbose > 0:
                 print('Epoch %05d: saving model to %s' % (epoch, filepath))
-            self.model.save_weights(filepath, overwrite=True)
+            if self.save_weights_only:
+                self.model.save_weights(filepath, overwrite=True)
+            else:
+                self.model.save(filepath, overwrite=True)
 
 
 class EarlyStopping(Callback):
@@ -319,7 +331,8 @@ class EarlyStopping(Callback):
 
         if mode not in ['auto', 'min', 'max']:
             warnings.warn('EarlyStopping mode %s is unknown, '
-                          'fallback to auto mode.' % (self.mode), RuntimeWarning)
+                          'fallback to auto mode.' % (self.mode),
+                          RuntimeWarning)
             mode = 'auto'
 
         if mode == 'min':
@@ -361,13 +374,19 @@ class RemoteMonitor(Callback):
     # Arguments
         root: root url to which the events will be sent (at the end
             of every epoch). Events are sent to
-            `root + '/publish/epoch/end/'`. Calls are HTTP POST,
-            with a `data` argument which is a JSON-encoded dictionary
-            of event data.
+            `root + '/publish/epoch/end/'` by default. Calls are
+            HTTP POST, with a `data` argument which is a
+            JSON-encoded dictionary of event data.
     '''
-    def __init__(self, root='http://localhost:9000'):
+
+    def __init__(self,
+                 root='http://localhost:9000',
+                 path='/publish/epoch/end/',
+                 field='data'):
         super(RemoteMonitor, self).__init__()
         self.root = root
+        self.path = path
+        self.field = field
 
     def on_epoch_end(self, epoch, logs={}):
         import requests
@@ -375,10 +394,9 @@ class RemoteMonitor(Callback):
         send['epoch'] = epoch
         for k, v in logs.items():
             send[k] = v
-
         try:
-            requests.post(self.root + '/publish/epoch/end/',
-                          {'data': json.dumps(send)})
+            requests.post(self.root + self.path,
+                          {self.field: json.dumps(send)})
         except:
             print('Warning: could not reach RemoteMonitor '
                   'root server at ' + str(self.root))
@@ -428,8 +446,9 @@ class TensorBoard(Callback):
         histogram_freq: frequency (in epochs) at which to compute activation
             histograms for the layers of the model. If set to 0,
             histograms won't be computed.
-        write_graph: whether to visualize the graph in Tensorboard. The log file can
-            become quite large when write_graph is set to True.
+        write_graph: whether to visualize the graph in Tensorboard.
+            The log file can become quite large when
+            write_graph is set to True.
     '''
 
     def __init__(self, log_dir='./logs', histogram_freq=0, write_graph=True):
@@ -460,7 +479,7 @@ class TensorBoard(Callback):
                                          layer.output)
         self.merged = tf.merge_all_summaries()
         if self.write_graph:
-            if tf.__version__ >= '0.8.0':
+            if parse_version(tf.__version__) >= parse_version('0.8.0'):
                 self.writer = tf.train.SummaryWriter(self.log_dir,
                                                      self.sess.graph)
             else:

keras/datasets/imdb.py

@@ -4,26 +4,58 @@ import gzip
 from ..utils.data_utils import get_file
 from six.moves import zip
 import numpy as np
+import sys
 
 
-def load_data(path="imdb.pkl", nb_words=None, skip_top=0,
-              maxlen=None, test_split=0.2, seed=113,
+def load_data(path='imdb_full.pkl', nb_words=None, skip_top=0,
+              maxlen=None, seed=113,
               start_char=1, oov_char=2, index_from=3):
+    '''
+    # Arguments
+        path: where to store the data (in `/.keras/dataset`)
+        nb_words: max number of words to include. Words are ranked
+            by how often they occur (in the training set) and only
+            the most frequent words are kept
+        skip_top: skip the top N most frequently occuring words
+            (which may not be informative).
+        maxlen: truncate sequences after this length.
+        seed: random seed for sample shuffling.
+        start_char: The start of a sequence will be marked with this character.
+            Set to 1 because 0 is usually the padding character.
+        oov_char: words that were cut out because of the `nb_words`
+            or `skip_top` limit will be replaced with this character.
+        index_from: index actual words with this index and higher.
 
-    path = get_file(path, origin="https://s3.amazonaws.com/text-datasets/imdb.pkl")
+    Note that the 'out of vocabulary' character is only used for
+    words that were present in the training set but are not included
+    because they're not making the `nb_words` cut here.
+    Words that were not seen in the trining set but are in the test set
+    have simply been skipped.
+    '''
+    path = get_file(path,
+                    origin='https://s3.amazonaws.com/text-datasets/imdb_full.pkl',
+                    md5_hash='d091312047c43cf9e4e38fef92437263')
 
-    if path.endswith(".gz"):
+    if path.endswith('.gz'):
         f = gzip.open(path, 'rb')
     else:
         f = open(path, 'rb')
 
-    X, labels = cPickle.load(f)
+    (x_train, labels_train), (x_test, labels_test) = cPickle.load(f)
     f.close()
 
     np.random.seed(seed)
-    np.random.shuffle(X)
+    np.random.shuffle(x_train)
     np.random.seed(seed)
-    np.random.shuffle(labels)
+    np.random.shuffle(labels_train)
+
+    np.random.seed(seed * 2)
+    np.random.shuffle(x_test)
+    np.random.seed(seed * 2)
+    np.random.shuffle(labels_test)
+
+    X = x_train + x_test
+    labels = labels_train + labels_test
 
     if start_char is not None:
         X = [[start_char] + [w + index_from for w in x] for x in X]
@@ -60,10 +92,25 @@ def load_data(path="imdb.pkl", nb_words=None, skip_top=0,
             nX.append(nx)
         X = nX
 
-    X_train = np.array(X[:int(len(X) * (1 - test_split))])
-    y_train = np.array(labels[:int(len(X) * (1 - test_split))])
+    X_train = np.array(X[:len(x_train)])
+    y_train = np.array(labels[:len(x_train)])
 
-    X_test = np.array(X[int(len(X) * (1 - test_split)):])
-    y_test = np.array(labels[int(len(X) * (1 - test_split)):])
+    X_test = np.array(X[len(x_train):])
+    y_test = np.array(labels[len(x_train):])
 
     return (X_train, y_train), (X_test, y_test)
+
+
+def get_word_index(path='imdb_word_index.pkl'):
+    path = get_file(path,
+                    origin='https://s3.amazonaws.com/text-datasets/imdb_word_index.pkl',
+                    md5_hash='72d94b01291be4ff843198d3b0e1e4d7')
+    f = open(path, 'rb')
+
+    if sys.version_info < (3,):
+        data = cPickle.load(f)
+    else:
+        data = cPickle.load(f, encoding='latin1')
+
+    f.close()
+    return data

keras/datasets/reuters.py

@@ -7,11 +7,11 @@ import numpy as np
 import sys
 
 
-def load_data(path="reuters.pkl", nb_words=None, skip_top=0,
+def load_data(path='reuters.pkl', nb_words=None, skip_top=0,
               maxlen=None, test_split=0.2, seed=113,
               start_char=1, oov_char=2, index_from=3):
 
-    path = get_file(path, origin="https://s3.amazonaws.com/text-datasets/reuters.pkl")
+    path = get_file(path, origin='https://s3.amazonaws.com/text-datasets/reuters.pkl')
     f = open(path, 'rb')
     X, labels = cPickle.load(f)
     f.close()
@@ -62,14 +62,14 @@ def load_data(path="reuters.pkl", nb_words=None, skip_top=0,
     return (X_train, y_train), (X_test, y_test)
 
 
-def get_word_index(path="reuters_word_index.pkl"):
-    path = get_file(path, origin="https://s3.amazonaws.com/text-datasets/reuters_word_index.pkl")
+def get_word_index(path='reuters_word_index.pkl'):
+    path = get_file(path, origin='https://s3.amazonaws.com/text-datasets/reuters_word_index.pkl')
     f = open(path, 'rb')
 
     if sys.version_info < (3,):
         data = cPickle.load(f)
     else:
-        data = cPickle.load(f, encoding="latin1")
+        data = cPickle.load(f, encoding='latin1')
 
     f.close()
     return data

keras/engine/topology.py

@@ -10,9 +10,11 @@ import marshal
 import types as python_types
 import warnings
 import copy
+import os
 from six.moves import zip
 
-from keras import backend as K
+from .. import backend as K
+from ..utils.io_utils import ask_to_proceed_with_overwrite
 
 
 def to_list(x):
@@ -321,6 +323,30 @@ class Layer(object):
             if 'create_input_layer' in kwargs:
                 self.create_input_layer(batch_input_shape, input_dtype)
 
+    @property
+    def trainable_weights(self):
+        trainable = getattr(self, 'trainable', True)
+        if trainable:
+            return self._trainable_weights
+        else:
+            return []
+
+    @trainable_weights.setter
+    def trainable_weights(self, weights):
+        self._trainable_weights = weights
+
+    @property
+    def non_trainable_weights(self):
+        trainable = getattr(self, 'trainable', True)
+        if not trainable:
+            return self._trainable_weights + self._non_trainable_weights
+        else:
+            return self._non_trainable_weights
+
+    @non_trainable_weights.setter
+    def non_trainable_weights(self, weights):
+        self._non_trainable_weights = weights
+
     def create_input_layer(self, batch_input_shape,
                            input_dtype=None, name=None):
         if not name:
@@ -694,15 +720,15 @@ class Layer(object):
                           ' outbound layers. '
                           'This will cause part of your model '
                           'to be disconnected.')
-        if not shape:
-            if hasattr(K, 'int_shape'):
-                shape = K.int_shape(input_tensor)
-            else:
-                raise Exception('`set_input` needs to know the shape '
-                                'of the `input_tensor` it receives, but '
-                                'Keras was not able to infer it automatically.'
-                                ' Specify it via: '
-                                '`model.set_input(input_tensor, shape)`')
+        if hasattr(K, 'int_shape'):
+            # auto-infered shape takes priority
+            shape = K.int_shape(input_tensor)
+        elif not shape:
+            raise Exception('`set_input` needs to know the shape '
+                            'of the `input_tensor` it receives, but '
+                            'Keras was not able to infer it automatically.'
+                            ' Specify it via: '
+                            '`model.set_input(input_tensor, shape)`')
         # reset layer connections
         self.inbound_nodes = []
         self.outbound_nodes = []
@@ -828,6 +854,10 @@ class Layer(object):
                             'ill-defined for the layer. ' +
                             'Use `get_output_shape_at(node_index)` instead.')
 
+    @property
+    def weights(self):
+        return self.trainable_weights + self.non_trainable_weights
+
     def set_weights(self, weights):
         '''Sets the weights of the layer, from Numpy arrays.
 
@@ -838,12 +868,12 @@ class Layer(object):
                 of the layer (i.e. it should match the
                 output of `get_weights`).
         '''
-        params = self.trainable_weights + self.non_trainable_weights
+        params = self.weights
         if len(params) != len(weights):
             raise Exception('You called `set_weights(weights)` on layer "' + self.name +
                             '" with a  weight list of length ' + str(len(weights)) +
                             ', but the layer was expecting ' + str(len(params)) +
-                            ' weights. Provided weights: ' + str(weights))
+                            ' weights. Provided weights: ' + str(weights)[:50] + '...')
         if not params:
             return
         weight_value_tuples = []
@@ -861,7 +891,7 @@ class Layer(object):
         '''Returns the current weights of the layer,
         as a list of numpy arrays.
         '''
-        params = self.trainable_weights + self.non_trainable_weights
+        params = self.weights
         return K.batch_get_value(params)
 
     def get_config(self):
@@ -914,12 +944,14 @@ class InputLayer(Layer):
     '''TODO: dosctring
     '''
     def __init__(self, input_shape=None, batch_input_shape=None,
-                 input_dtype=None, name=None):
+                 input_dtype=None, input_tensor=None, name=None):
         self.input_spec = None
         self.supports_masking = False
         self.uses_learning_phase = False
         self.trainable = False
         self.built = True
+        self.trainable_weights = []
+        self.non_trainable_weights = []
 
         self.inbound_nodes = []
         self.outbound_nodes = []
@@ -934,25 +966,48 @@ class InputLayer(Layer):
             name = prefix + '_' + str(K.get_uid(prefix))
         self.name = name
 
+        if input_shape and batch_input_shape:
+            raise ValueError('Only provide the input_shape OR '
+                             'batch_input_shape argument to '
+                             'InputLayer, not both at the same time.')
+        if input_tensor is not None:
+            if not input_shape and not batch_input_shape:
+                # attempt automatic input shape inference
+                try:
+                    batch_input_shape = K.int_shape(input_tensor)
+                except:
+                    raise ValueError('InputLayer was provided an input_tensor argument, '
+                                     'but its input shape cannot be automatically inferred. '
+                                     'You should pass an input_shape or batch_input_shape '
+                                     'argument.')
         if not batch_input_shape:
-            assert input_shape, 'An Input layer should be passed either a `batch_input_shape` or an `input_shape`.'
-            batch_input_shape = (None,) + tuple(input_shape)
+            if not input_shape:
+                raise ValueError('An Input layer should be passed either '
+                                 'a `batch_input_shape` or an `input_shape`.')
+            else:
+                batch_input_shape = (None,) + tuple(input_shape)
         else:
             batch_input_shape = tuple(batch_input_shape)
+
         if not input_dtype:
-            input_dtype = K.floatx()
+            if input_tensor is None:
+                input_dtype = K.floatx()
+            else:
+                input_dtype = K.dtype(input_tensor)
 
         self.batch_input_shape = batch_input_shape
         self.input_dtype = input_dtype
 
-        input_tensor = K.placeholder(shape=batch_input_shape,
-                                     dtype=input_dtype,
-                                     name=self.name)
+        if input_tensor is None:
+            input_tensor = K.placeholder(shape=batch_input_shape,
+                                         dtype=input_dtype,
+                                         name=self.name)
+        else:
+            input_tensor._keras_shape = batch_input_shape
         # create an input node to add to self.outbound_node
         # and set output_tensors' _keras_history
         input_tensor._uses_learning_phase = False
         input_tensor._keras_history = (self, 0, 0)
-        shape = input_tensor._keras_shape
         Node(self,
              inbound_layers=[],
              node_indices=[],
@@ -961,8 +1016,8 @@ class InputLayer(Layer):
              output_tensors=[input_tensor],
              input_masks=[None],
              output_masks=[None],
-             input_shapes=[shape],
-             output_shapes=[shape])
+             input_shapes=[batch_input_shape],
+             output_shapes=[batch_input_shape])
 
     def get_config(self):
         config = {'batch_input_shape': self.batch_input_shape,
@@ -972,7 +1027,8 @@ class InputLayer(Layer):
 
 
 def Input(shape=None, batch_shape=None,
-          name=None, dtype=K.floatx()):
+          name=None, dtype=K.floatx(),
+          tensor=None):
     '''`Input()` is used to instantiate a Keras tensor.
     A Keras tensor is a tensor object from the underlying backend
     (Theano or TensorFlow), which we augment with certain
@@ -1014,14 +1070,15 @@ def Input(shape=None, batch_shape=None,
         model = Model(input=a, output=b)
         ```
     '''
-    if not batch_shape:
+    if not batch_shape and tensor is None:
         assert shape, ('Please provide to Input either a `shape`' +
                        ' or a `batch_shape` argument. Note that ' +
                        '`shape` does not include the batch '
                        'dimension.')
         batch_shape = (None,) + tuple(shape)
     input_layer = InputLayer(batch_input_shape=batch_shape,
-                             name=name, input_dtype=dtype)
+                             name=name, input_dtype=dtype,
+                             input_tensor=tensor)
     # return tensor including _keras_shape and _keras_history
     # note that in this case train_output and test_output are the same pointer.
     outputs = input_layer.inbound_nodes[0].output_tensors
@@ -1055,11 +1112,11 @@ class Merge(Layer):
             a list of layer instances. Must be more
             than one layer/tensor.
         mode: string or lambda/function. If string, must be one
-            of: 'sum', 'mul', 'concat', 'ave', 'cos', 'dot'.
+            of: 'sum', 'mul', 'concat', 'ave', 'cos', 'dot', 'max'.
             If lambda/function, it should take as input a list of tensors
             and return a single tensor.
         concat_axis: integer, axis to use in mode `concat`.
-        dot_axes: integer or tuple of integers, axes to use in mode `dot`.
+        dot_axes: integer or tuple of integers, axes to use in mode `dot` or `cos`.
         output_shape: either a shape tuple (tuple of integers), or a lambda/function
             to compute `output_shape` (only if merge mode is a lambda/function).
             If the argument is a tuple,
@@ -1130,7 +1187,7 @@ class Merge(Layer):
         as appropriate.
         '''
         if not hasattr(mode, '__call__'):
-            if mode not in {'sum', 'mul', 'concat', 'ave', 'cos', 'dot'}:
+            if mode not in {'sum', 'mul', 'concat', 'ave', 'cos', 'dot', 'max'}:
                 raise Exception('Invalid merge mode: ' + str(mode))
         if type(layers) not in {list, tuple} or len(layers) < 2:
             raise Exception('A Merge should only be applied to a list of '
@@ -1148,7 +1205,7 @@ class Merge(Layer):
                 layer_output_shape = layer_output_shape[tensor_indices[i]]
             input_shapes.append(layer_output_shape)
 
-        if mode in {'sum', 'mul', 'ave', 'cos'}:
+        if mode in {'sum', 'mul', 'ave', 'cos', 'max'}:
             input_shapes_set = set(input_shapes)
             if len(input_shapes_set) > 1:
                 raise Exception('Only layers of same output shape can '
@@ -1161,22 +1218,21 @@ class Merge(Layer):
             shape2 = input_shapes[1]
             n1 = len(shape1)
             n2 = len(shape2)
-            if mode == 'dot':
-                if type(dot_axes) == int:
-                    if dot_axes < 0:
-                        dot_axes = [dot_axes % n1, dot_axes % n2]
-                    else:
-                        dot_axes = [n1 - dot_axes, n2-dot_axes]
-                if type(dot_axes) not in [list, tuple]:
-                    raise Exception('Invalid type for dot_axes - should be a list.')
-                if len(dot_axes) != 2:
-                    raise Exception('Invalid format for dot_axes - should contain two elements.')
-                if type(dot_axes[0]) is not int or type(dot_axes[1]) is not int:
-                    raise Exception('Invalid format for dot_axes - list elements should be "int".')
-                if shape1[dot_axes[0]] != shape2[dot_axes[1]]:
-                    raise Exception('Dimension incompatibility using dot mode: ' +
-                                    '%s != %s. ' % (shape1[dot_axes[0]], shape2[dot_axes[1]]) +
-                                    'Layer shapes: %s, %s' % (shape1, shape2))
+            if type(dot_axes) == int:
+                if dot_axes < 0:
+                    dot_axes = [dot_axes % n1, dot_axes % n2]
+                else:
+                    dot_axes = [n1 - dot_axes, n2 - dot_axes]
+            if type(dot_axes) not in [list, tuple]:
+                raise Exception('Invalid type for dot_axes - should be a list.')
+            if len(dot_axes) != 2:
+                raise Exception('Invalid format for dot_axes - should contain two elements.')
+            if type(dot_axes[0]) is not int or type(dot_axes[1]) is not int:
+                raise Exception('Invalid format for dot_axes - list elements should be "int".')
+            if shape1[dot_axes[0]] != shape2[dot_axes[1]]:
+                raise Exception('Dimension incompatibility using dot mode: ' +
+                                '%s != %s. ' % (shape1[dot_axes[0]], shape2[dot_axes[1]]) +
+                                'Layer shapes: %s, %s' % (shape1, shape2))
         elif mode == 'concat':
             reduced_inputs_shapes = [list(shape) for shape in input_shapes]
             shape_set = set()
@@ -1215,7 +1271,11 @@ class Merge(Layer):
             for i in range(1, len(inputs)):
                 s *= inputs[i]
             return s
-
+        elif self.mode == 'max':
+            s = inputs[0]
+            for i in range(1, len(inputs)):
+                s = K.maximum(s, inputs[i])
+            return s
         elif self.mode == 'dot':
             l1 = inputs[0]
             l2 = inputs[1]
@@ -1283,7 +1343,7 @@ class Merge(Layer):
                 output_shape = self._output_shape(input_shape)
                 return output_shape
             elif self._output_shape is not None:
-                return (input_shape[0],) + tuple(self._output_shape)
+                return (input_shape[0][0],) + tuple(self._output_shape)
             else:
                 # TODO: consider shape auto-inference with TF
                 raise Exception('The Merge layer ' + self.name +
@@ -1294,7 +1354,7 @@ class Merge(Layer):
                                 '`output_shape` to Merge.')
         # pre-defined merge modes
         input_shapes = input_shape
-        if self.mode in ['sum', 'mul', 'ave']:
+        if self.mode in ['sum', 'mul', 'ave', 'max']:
             # all tuples in input_shapes should be the same
             return input_shapes[0]
         elif self.mode == 'concat':
@@ -1305,23 +1365,19 @@ class Merge(Layer):
                     break
                 output_shape[self.concat_axis] += shape[self.concat_axis]
             return tuple(output_shape)
-        elif self.mode == 'dot':
+        elif self.mode in ['dot', 'cos']:
             shape1 = list(input_shapes[0])
             shape2 = list(input_shapes[1])
-            dot_axes = [a - 1 for a in self.dot_axes]
-            tensordot_output = np.tensordot(np.zeros(tuple(shape1[1:])),
-                                            np.zeros(tuple(shape2[1:])),
-                                            axes=dot_axes)
-            if len(tensordot_output.shape) == 0:
-                shape = (1,)
-            else:
-                shape = tensordot_output.shape
-            return (shape1[0],) + shape
-        elif self.mode == 'cos':
-            return (input_shapes[0][0], 1)
+            shape1.pop(self.dot_axes[0])
+            shape2.pop(self.dot_axes[1])
+            shape2.pop(0)
+            output_shape = shape1 + shape2
+            if len(output_shape) == 1:
+                output_shape += [1]
+            return tuple(output_shape)
 
     def compute_mask(self, inputs, mask=None):
-        if mask is None or not any([m is not None for m in mask]):
+        if mask is None or all([m is None for m in mask]):
             return None
 
         assert hasattr(mask, '__len__') and len(mask) == len(inputs)
@@ -1330,9 +1386,19 @@ class Merge(Layer):
             masks = [K.expand_dims(m, 0) for m in mask if m is not None]
             return K.all(K.concatenate(masks, axis=0), axis=0, keepdims=False)
         elif self.mode == 'concat':
-            masks = [K.ones_like(inputs[i][:-1]) if m is None else m for i, m in zip(inputs, mask)]
-            expanded_dims = [K.expand_dims(m) for m in masks]
-            concatenated = K.concatenate(expanded_dims, axis=self.concat_axis)
+            # Make a list of masks while making sure the dimensionality of each mask 
+            # is the same as the corresponding input.
+            masks = []
+            for input_i, mask_i in zip(inputs, mask):
+                if mask_i is None:
+                    # Input is unmasked. Append all 1s to masks, but cast it to uint8 first
+                    masks.append(K.cast(K.ones_like(input_i), 'uint8'))
+                elif K.ndim(mask_i) < K.ndim(input_i):
+                    # Mask is smaller than the input, expand it
+                    masks.append(K.expand_dims(mask_i))
+                else:
+                    masks.append(mask_i)
+            concatenated = K.concatenate(masks, axis=self.concat_axis)
             return K.all(concatenated, axis=-1, keepdims=False)
         elif self.mode in ['cos', 'dot']:
             return None
@@ -1426,7 +1492,7 @@ def merge(inputs, mode='sum', concat_axis=-1,
             If lambda/function, it should take as input a list of tensors
             and return a single tensor.
         concat_axis: integer, axis to use in mode `concat`.
-        dot_axes: integer or tuple of integers, axes to use in mode `dot`.
+        dot_axes: integer or tuple of integers, axes to use in mode `dot` or `cos`.
         output_shape: shape tuple (tuple of integers), or lambda/function
             to compute output_shape (only if merge mode is a lambda/function).
             If the latter case, it should take as input a list of shape tuples
@@ -1593,21 +1659,27 @@ class Container(Layer):
                 raise Exception('Output tensors to a ' + cls_name + ' must be '
                                 'Keras tensors. Found: ' + str(x))
         # build self.output_layers:
-        masks = []
         for x in self.outputs:
             layer, node_index, tensor_index = x._keras_history
             self.output_layers.append(layer)
             self.output_layers_node_indices.append(node_index)
             self.output_layers_tensor_indices.append(tensor_index)
 
-            # also fill in the output mask cache
+        # fill in the output mask cache
+        masks = []
+        for x in self.inputs:
+            layer, node_index, tensor_index = x._keras_history
             node = layer.inbound_nodes[node_index]
             mask = node.output_masks[tensor_index]
             masks.append(mask)
-
-        # output mask cache
         mask_cache_key = ','.join([str(id(x)) for x in self.inputs])
         mask_cache_key += '_' + ','.join([str(id(x)) for x in masks])
+        masks = []
+        for x in self.outputs:
+            layer, node_index, tensor_index = x._keras_history
+            node = layer.inbound_nodes[node_index]
+            mask = node.output_masks[tensor_index]
+            masks.append(mask)
         if len(masks) == 1:
             mask = masks[0]
         else:
@@ -2105,6 +2177,8 @@ class Container(Layer):
                         for x, s in zip(output_tensors, shapes):
                             x._keras_shape = s
                             x._uses_learning_phase = uses_learning_phase
+
+                    # update tensor_map
                     for x, y, mask in zip(reference_output_tensors, output_tensors, output_masks):
                         tensor_map[str(id(x))] = (y, mask)
 
@@ -2278,7 +2352,38 @@ class Container(Layer):
             output_tensors.append(layer_output_tensors[tensor_index])
         return cls(input=input_tensors, output=output_tensors, name=name)
 
-    def save_weights(self, filepath, overwrite=False):
+    def save(self, filepath, overwrite=True):
+        '''Save into a single HDF5 file:
+            - the model architecture, allowing to re-instantiate the model
+            - the model weights
+            - the state of the optimizer, allowing to resume training
+                exactly where you left off.
+
+        This allows you to save the entirety of the state of a model
+        in a single file.
+
+        Saved models can be reinstantiated via `keras.models.load_model`.
+        The model returned by `load_model`
+        is a compiled model ready to be used (unless the saved model
+        was never compiled in the first place).
+
+        # Example usage
+
+        ```python
+        from keras.models import load_model
+
+        model.save('my_model.h5')  # creates a HDF5 file 'my_model.h5'
+        del model  # deletes the existing model
+
+        # returns a compiled model
+        # identical to the previous one
+        model = load_model('my_model.h5')
+        ```
+        '''
+        from ..models import save_model
+        save_model(self, filepath, overwrite)
+
+    def save_weights(self, filepath, overwrite=True):
         '''Dumps all layer weights to a HDF5 file.
 
         The weight file has:
@@ -2291,33 +2396,28 @@ class Container(Layer):
                     storing the weight value, named after the weight tensor
         '''
         import h5py
-        import os.path
         # if file exists and should not be overwritten
         if not overwrite and os.path.isfile(filepath):
-            import sys
-            get_input = input
-            if sys.version_info[:2] <= (2, 7):
-                get_input = raw_input
-            overwrite = get_input('[WARNING] %s already exists - overwrite? '
-                                  '[y/n]' % (filepath))
-            while overwrite not in ['y', 'n']:
-                overwrite = get_input('Enter "y" (overwrite) or "n" (cancel).')
-            if overwrite == 'n':
+            proceed = ask_to_proceed_with_overwrite(filepath)
+            if not proceed:
                 return
-            print('[TIP] Next time specify overwrite=True in save_weights!')
+        f = h5py.File(filepath, 'w')
+        self.save_weights_to_hdf5_group(f)
+        f.flush()
+        f.close()
 
+    def save_weights_to_hdf5_group(self, f):
         if hasattr(self, 'flattened_layers'):
             # support for legacy Sequential/Merge behavior
             flattened_layers = self.flattened_layers
         else:
             flattened_layers = self.layers
 
-        f = h5py.File(filepath, 'w')
         f.attrs['layer_names'] = [layer.name.encode('utf8') for layer in flattened_layers]
 
         for layer in flattened_layers:
             g = f.create_group(layer.name)
-            symbolic_weights = layer.trainable_weights + layer.non_trainable_weights
+            symbolic_weights = layer.weights
             weight_values = K.batch_get_value(symbolic_weights)
             weight_names = []
             for i, (w, val) in enumerate(zip(symbolic_weights, weight_values)):
@@ -2330,16 +2430,30 @@ class Container(Layer):
             for name, val in zip(weight_names, weight_values):
                 param_dset = g.create_dataset(name, val.shape,
                                               dtype=val.dtype)
-                param_dset[:] = val
-        f.flush()
-        f.close()
+                if not val.shape:
+                    # scalar
+                    param_dset[()] = val
+                else:
+                    param_dset[:] = val
 
     def load_weights(self, filepath):
         '''Load all layer weights from a HDF5 save file.
         '''
         import h5py
         f = h5py.File(filepath, mode='r')
+        if 'layer_names' not in f.attrs and 'model_weights' in f:
+            f = f['model_weights']
+        self.load_weights_from_hdf5_group(f)
+        if hasattr(f, 'close'):
+            f.close()
 
+    def load_weights_from_hdf5_group(self, f):
+        '''Weight loading is based on layer order in a list
+        (matching model.flattened_layers for Sequential models,
+        and model.layers for Model class instances), not
+        on layer names.
+        Layers that have no weights are skipped.
+        '''
         if hasattr(self, 'flattened_layers'):
             # support for legacy Sequential/Merge behavior
             flattened_layers = self.flattened_layers
@@ -2353,7 +2467,7 @@ class Container(Layer):
                 raise Exception('You are trying to load a weight file '
                                 'containing ' + str(nb_layers) +
                                 ' layers into a model with ' +
-                                str(len(flattened_layers)) + '.')
+                                str(len(flattened_layers)) + ' layers.')
 
             for k in range(nb_layers):
                 g = f['layer_{}'.format(k)]
@@ -2361,7 +2475,21 @@ class Container(Layer):
                 flattened_layers[k].set_weights(weights)
         else:
             # new file format
+            filtered_layers = []
+            for layer in flattened_layers:
+                weights = layer.weights
+                if weights:
+                    filtered_layers.append(layer)
+            flattened_layers = filtered_layers
+
             layer_names = [n.decode('utf8') for n in f.attrs['layer_names']]
+            filtered_layer_names = []
+            for name in layer_names:
+                g = f[name]
+                weight_names = [n.decode('utf8') for n in g.attrs['weight_names']]
+                if len(weight_names):
+                    filtered_layer_names.append(name)
+            layer_names = filtered_layer_names
             if len(layer_names) != len(flattened_layers):
                 raise Exception('You are trying to load a weight file '
                                 'containing ' + str(len(layer_names)) +
@@ -2374,24 +2502,22 @@ class Container(Layer):
             for k, name in enumerate(layer_names):
                 g = f[name]
                 weight_names = [n.decode('utf8') for n in g.attrs['weight_names']]
-                if len(weight_names):
-                    weight_values = [g[weight_name] for weight_name in weight_names]
-                    layer = flattened_layers[k]
-                    symbolic_weights = layer.trainable_weights + layer.non_trainable_weights
-                    if len(weight_values) != len(symbolic_weights):
-                        raise Exception('Layer #' + str(k) +
-                                        ' (named "' + layer.name +
-                                        '" in the current model) was found to '
-                                        'correspond to layer ' + name +
-                                        ' in the save file. '
-                                        'However the new layer ' + layer.name +
-                                        ' expects ' + str(len(symbolic_weights)) +
-                                        ' weights, but the saved weights have ' +
-                                        str(len(weight_values)) +
-                                        ' elements.')
-                    weight_value_tuples += zip(symbolic_weights, weight_values)
+                weight_values = [g[weight_name] for weight_name in weight_names]
+                layer = flattened_layers[k]
+                symbolic_weights = layer.weights
+                if len(weight_values) != len(symbolic_weights):
+                    raise Exception('Layer #' + str(k) +
+                                    ' (named "' + layer.name +
+                                    '" in the current model) was found to '
+                                    'correspond to layer ' + name +
+                                    ' in the save file. '
+                                    'However the new layer ' + layer.name +
+                                    ' expects ' + str(len(symbolic_weights)) +
+                                    ' weights, but the saved weights have ' +
+                                    str(len(weight_values)) +
+                                    ' elements.')
+                weight_value_tuples += zip(symbolic_weights, weight_values)
             K.batch_set_value(weight_value_tuples)
-        f.close()
 
     def _updated_config(self):
         '''shared between different serialization methods'''
@@ -2403,14 +2529,6 @@ class Container(Layer):
             'config': config,
             'keras_version': keras_version
         }
-
-        if hasattr(self, 'optimizer'):
-            model_config['optimizer'] = self.optimizer.get_config()
-            model_config['loss'] = getattr(self.loss, '__name__', self.loss)
-            model_config['sample_weight_mode'] = self.sample_weight_mode
-
-        if hasattr(self, 'loss_weights'):
-            model_config['loss_weights'] = self.loss_weights
         return model_config
 
     def to_json(self, **kwargs):
@@ -2430,7 +2548,7 @@ class Container(Layer):
             if type(obj).__name__ == type.__name__:
                 return obj.__name__
 
-            raise TypeError('Not JSON Serializable')
+            raise TypeError('Not JSON Serializable:', obj)
 
         model_config = self._updated_config()
         return json.dumps(model_config, default=get_json_type, **kwargs)

keras/engine/training.py

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import warnings
 import copy
 import time
 import numpy as np
+import multiprocessing
 import threading
 try:
     import queue
@@ -205,12 +206,12 @@ def check_loss_and_target_compatibility(targets, losses, output_shapes):
                                 '`sparse_categorical_crossentropy` instead, '
                                 'which does expect integer targets.')
         if loss.__name__ in key_losses and shape[1] is not None and y.shape[1] != shape[1]:
-                raise Exception('A target array with shape ' + str(y.shape) +
-                                ' was passed for an output of shape ' + str(shape) +
-                                ' while using as loss `' + loss.__name__ + '`. '
-                                'This loss expects '
-                                'targets to have the same shape '
-                                'as the output.')
+            raise Exception('A target array with shape ' + str(y.shape) +
+                            ' was passed for an output of shape ' + str(shape) +
+                            ' while using as loss `' + loss.__name__ + '`. '
+                            'This loss expects '
+                            'targets to have the same shape '
+                            'as the output.')
 
 
 def collect_metrics(metrics, output_names):
@@ -395,40 +396,62 @@ def standardize_weights(y, sample_weight=None, class_weight=None,
         return weights
     else:
         if sample_weight_mode is None:
-            return np.ones((y.shape[0],))
+            return np.ones((y.shape[0],), dtype=K.floatx())
         else:
-            return np.ones((y.shape[0], y.shape[1]))
+            return np.ones((y.shape[0], y.shape[1]), dtype=K.floatx())
 
 
 def generator_queue(generator, max_q_size=10,
-                    wait_time=0.05, nb_worker=1):
-    '''Builds a threading queue out of a data generator.
+                    wait_time=0.05, nb_worker=1, pickle_safe=False):
+    '''Builds a queue out of a data generator.
+    If pickle_safe, use a multiprocessing approach. Else, use threading.
     Used in `fit_generator`, `evaluate_generator`, `predict_generator`.
+
     '''
-    q = queue.Queue()
-    _stop = threading.Event()
 
-    def data_generator_task():
-        while not _stop.is_set():
-            try:
-                if q.qsize() < max_q_size:
-                    try:
-                        generator_output = next(generator)
-                    except ValueError:
-                        continue
-                    q.put(generator_output)
-                else:
-                    time.sleep(wait_time)
-            except Exception:
-                _stop.set()
-                raise
+    generator_threads = []
+    if pickle_safe:
+        q = multiprocessing.Queue(maxsize=max_q_size)
+        _stop = multiprocessing.Event()
+    else:
+        q = queue.Queue()
+        _stop = threading.Event()
 
-    generator_threads = [threading.Thread(target=data_generator_task)
-                         for _ in range(nb_worker)]
+    try:
+        def data_generator_task():
+            while not _stop.is_set():
+                try:
+                    if q.qsize() < max_q_size:
+                        try:
+                            generator_output = next(generator)
+                        except ValueError:
+                            continue
+                        q.put(generator_output)
+                    else:
+                        time.sleep(wait_time)
+                except Exception:
+                    _stop.set()
+                    raise
 
-    for thread in generator_threads:
-        thread.daemon = True
-        thread.start()
+        for i in range(nb_worker):
+            if pickle_safe:
+                # Reset random seed else all children processes share the same seed
+                np.random.seed()
+                thread = multiprocessing.Process(target=data_generator_task)
+            else:
+                thread = threading.Thread(target=data_generator_task)
+            generator_threads.append(thread)
+            thread.daemon = True
+            thread.start()
+    except:
+        _stop.set()
+        if pickle_safe:
+            # Terminate all daemon processes
+            for p in generator_threads:
+                if p.is_alive():
+                    p.terminate()
+            q.close()
+        raise
 
     return q, _stop
 
@@ -485,7 +508,7 @@ class Model(Container):
                                 'it should have one entry per model outputs. '
                                 'The model has ' + str(len(self.outputs)) +
                                 ' outputs, but you passed loss_weights=' +
-                                str(loss))
+                                str(loss_weights))
             loss_weights_list = loss_weights
         else:
             raise Exception('Could not interpret loss_weights argument: ' +
@@ -585,8 +608,9 @@ class Model(Container):
             self.targets.append(K.placeholder(ndim=len(shape), name=name + '_target'))
 
         # prepare metrics
+        self.metrics = metrics
         self.metrics_names = ['loss']
-        self.metrics = []
+        self.metrics_tensors = []
 
         # compute total loss
         total_loss = None
@@ -600,7 +624,7 @@ class Model(Container):
             output_loss = weighted_loss(y_true, y_pred,
                                         sample_weight, mask)
             if len(self.outputs) > 1:
-                self.metrics.append(output_loss)
+                self.metrics_tensors.append(output_loss)
                 self.metrics_names.append(self.output_names[i] + '_loss')
             if total_loss is None:
                 total_loss = loss_weight * output_loss
@@ -623,23 +647,23 @@ class Model(Container):
                 if metric == 'accuracy' or metric == 'acc':
                     # custom handling of accuracy (because of class mode duality)
                     output_shape = self.internal_output_shapes[i]
-                    if output_shape[-1] == 1:
+                    if output_shape[-1] == 1 or self.loss_functions[i] == objectives.binary_crossentropy:
                         # case: binary accuracy
-                        self.metrics.append(metrics_module.binary_accuracy(y_true, y_pred))
+                        self.metrics_tensors.append(metrics_module.binary_accuracy(y_true, y_pred))
                     elif self.loss_functions[i] == objectives.sparse_categorical_crossentropy:
                         # case: categorical accuracy with sparse targets
-                        self.metrics.append(
+                        self.metrics_tensors.append(
                             metrics_module.sparse_categorical_accuracy(y_true, y_pred))
                     else:
                         # case: categorical accuracy with dense targets
-                        self.metrics.append(metrics_module.categorical_accuracy(y_true, y_pred))
+                        self.metrics_tensors.append(metrics_module.categorical_accuracy(y_true, y_pred))
                     if len(self.output_names) == 1:
                         self.metrics_names.append('acc')
                     else:
                         self.metrics_names.append(self.output_layers[i].name + '_acc')
                 else:
                     metric_fn = metrics_module.get(metric)
-                    self.metrics.append(metric_fn(y_true, y_pred))
+                    self.metrics_tensors.append(metric_fn(y_true, y_pred))
                     if len(self.output_names) == 1:
                         self.metrics_names.append(metric_fn.__name__)
                     else:
@@ -663,7 +687,7 @@ class Model(Container):
         if not hasattr(self, 'train_function'):
             raise Exception('You must compile your model before using it.')
         if self.train_function is None:
-            if self.uses_learning_phase:
+            if self.uses_learning_phase and type(K.learning_phase()) is not int:
                 inputs = self.inputs + self.targets + self.sample_weights + [K.learning_phase()]
             else:
                 inputs = self.inputs + self.targets + self.sample_weights
@@ -675,7 +699,7 @@ class Model(Container):
 
             # returns loss and metrics. Updates weights at each call.
             self.train_function = K.function(inputs,
-                                             [self.total_loss] + self.metrics,
+                                             [self.total_loss] + self.metrics_tensors,
                                              updates=updates,
                                              **self._function_kwargs)
 
@@ -683,14 +707,14 @@ class Model(Container):
         if not hasattr(self, 'test_function'):
             raise Exception('You must compile your model before using it.')
         if self.test_function is None:
-            if self.uses_learning_phase:
+            if self.uses_learning_phase and type(K.learning_phase()) is not int:
                 inputs = self.inputs + self.targets + self.sample_weights + [K.learning_phase()]
             else:
                 inputs = self.inputs + self.targets + self.sample_weights
             # return loss and metrics, no gradient updates.
             # Does update the network states.
             self.test_function = K.function(inputs,
-                                            [self.total_loss] + self.metrics,
+                                            [self.total_loss] + self.metrics_tensors,
                                             updates=self.state_updates,
                                             **self._function_kwargs)
 
@@ -698,7 +722,7 @@ class Model(Container):
         if not hasattr(self, 'predict_function'):
             self.predict_function = None
         if self.predict_function is None:
-            if self.uses_learning_phase:
+            if self.uses_learning_phase and type(K.learning_phase()) is not int:
                 inputs = self.inputs + [K.learning_phase()]
             else:
                 inputs = self.inputs
@@ -858,7 +882,7 @@ class Model(Container):
             if batch_index == 0:
                 for batch_out in batch_outs:
                     shape = (nb_sample,) + batch_out.shape[1:]
-                    outs.append(np.zeros(shape))
+                    outs.append(np.zeros(shape, dtype=K.floatx()))
 
             for i, batch_out in enumerate(batch_outs):
                 outs[i][batch_start:batch_end] = batch_out
@@ -1025,7 +1049,7 @@ class Model(Container):
                                                                            batch_size=batch_size)
             self._make_test_function()
             val_f = self.test_function
-            if self.uses_learning_phase:
+            if self.uses_learning_phase and type(K.learning_phase()) is not int:
                 val_ins = val_x + val_y + val_sample_weights + [0.]
             else:
                 val_ins = val_x + val_y + val_sample_weights
@@ -1035,10 +1059,11 @@ class Model(Container):
             split_at = int(len(x[0]) * (1. - validation_split))
             x, val_x = (slice_X(x, 0, split_at), slice_X(x, split_at))
             y, val_y = (slice_X(y, 0, split_at), slice_X(y, split_at))
-            sample_weights, val_sample_weights = (slice_X(sample_weights, 0, split_at), slice_X(sample_weights, split_at))
+            sample_weights, val_sample_weights = (
+                slice_X(sample_weights, 0, split_at), slice_X(sample_weights, split_at))
             self._make_test_function()
             val_f = self.test_function
-            if self.uses_learning_phase:
+            if self.uses_learning_phase and type(K.learning_phase()) is not int:
                 val_ins = val_x + val_y + val_sample_weights + [0.]
             else:
                 val_ins = val_x + val_y + val_sample_weights
@@ -1048,7 +1073,7 @@ class Model(Container):
             val_ins = None
 
         # prepare input arrays and training function
-        if self.uses_learning_phase:
+        if self.uses_learning_phase and type(K.learning_phase()) is not int:
             ins = x + y + sample_weights + [1.]
         else:
             ins = x + y + sample_weights
@@ -1108,7 +1133,7 @@ class Model(Container):
                                                            check_batch_dim=False,
                                                            batch_size=batch_size)
         # prepare inputs, delegate logic to _test_loop
-        if self.uses_learning_phase:
+        if self.uses_learning_phase and type(K.learning_phase()) is not int:
             ins = x + y + sample_weights + [0.]
         else:
             ins = x + y + sample_weights
@@ -1145,7 +1170,7 @@ class Model(Container):
                                 'Batch size: ' + str(batch_size) + '.')
 
         # prepare inputs, delegate logic to _predict_loop
-        if self.uses_learning_phase:
+        if self.uses_learning_phase and type(K.learning_phase()) is not int:
             ins = x + [0.]
         else:
             ins = x
@@ -1189,7 +1214,7 @@ class Model(Container):
                                                            sample_weight=sample_weight,
                                                            class_weight=class_weight,
                                                            check_batch_dim=True)
-        if self.uses_learning_phase:
+        if self.uses_learning_phase and type(K.learning_phase()) is not int:
             ins = x + y + sample_weights + [1.]
         else:
             ins = x + y + sample_weights
@@ -1227,7 +1252,7 @@ class Model(Container):
         x, y, sample_weights = self._standardize_user_data(x, y,
                                                            sample_weight=sample_weight,
                                                            check_batch_dim=True)
-        if self.uses_learning_phase:
+        if self.uses_learning_phase and type(K.learning_phase()) is not int:
             ins = x + y + sample_weights + [0.]
         else:
             ins = x + y + sample_weights
@@ -1242,7 +1267,7 @@ class Model(Container):
         '''
         x = standardize_input_data(x, self.input_names,
                                    self.internal_input_shapes)
-        if self.uses_learning_phase:
+        if self.uses_learning_phase and type(K.learning_phase()) is not int:
             ins = x + [0.]
         else:
             ins = x
@@ -1255,7 +1280,7 @@ class Model(Container):
     def fit_generator(self, generator, samples_per_epoch, nb_epoch,
                       verbose=1, callbacks=[],
                       validation_data=None, nb_val_samples=None,
-                      class_weight={}, max_q_size=10):
+                      class_weight={}, max_q_size=10, nb_worker=1, pickle_safe=False):
         '''Fits the model on data generated batch-by-batch by
         a Python generator.
         The generator is run in parallel to the model, for efficiency.
@@ -1286,6 +1311,11 @@ class Model(Container):
             class_weight: dictionary mapping class indices to a weight
                 for the class.
             max_q_size: maximum size for the generator queue
+            nb_worker: maximum number of processes to spin up when using process based threading
+            pickle_safe: if True, use process based threading. Note that because
+                this implementation relies on multiprocessing, you should not pass non
+                non picklable arguments to the generator as they can't be passed
+                easily to children processes.
 
         # Returns
             A `History` object.
@@ -1364,7 +1394,8 @@ class Model(Container):
             self.validation_data = None
 
         # start generator thread storing batches into a queue
-        data_gen_queue, _stop = generator_queue(generator, max_q_size=max_q_size)
+        data_gen_queue, _stop = generator_queue(generator, max_q_size=max_q_size, nb_worker=nb_worker,
+                                                pickle_safe=pickle_safe)
 
         callback_model.stop_training = False
         while epoch < nb_epoch:
@@ -1457,10 +1488,12 @@ class Model(Container):
                 break
 
         _stop.set()
+        if pickle_safe:
+            data_gen_queue.close()
         callbacks.on_train_end()
         return self.history
 
-    def evaluate_generator(self, generator, val_samples, max_q_size=10):
+    def evaluate_generator(self, generator, val_samples, max_q_size=10, nb_worker=1, pickle_safe=False):
         '''Evaluates the model on a data generator. The generator should
         return the same kind of data as accepted by `test_on_batch`.
 
@@ -1472,6 +1505,11 @@ class Model(Container):
                 total number of samples to generate from `generator`
                 before returning.
             max_q_size: maximum size for the generator queue
+            nb_worker: maximum number of processes to spin up when using process based threading
+            pickle_safe: if True, use process based threading. Note that because
+                this implementation relies on multiprocessing, you should not pass non
+                non picklable arguments to the generator as they can't be passed
+                easily to children processes.
 
         # Returns
             Scalar test loss (if the model has a single output and no metrics)
@@ -1485,7 +1523,8 @@ class Model(Container):
         wait_time = 0.01
         all_outs = []
         weights = []
-        data_gen_queue, _stop = generator_queue(generator, max_q_size=max_q_size)
+        data_gen_queue, _stop = generator_queue(generator, max_q_size=max_q_size, nb_worker=nb_worker,
+                                                pickle_safe=pickle_safe)
 
         while processed_samples < val_samples:
             generator_output = None
@@ -1529,6 +1568,8 @@ class Model(Container):
             weights.append(nb_samples)
 
         _stop.set()
+        if pickle_safe:
+            data_gen_queue.close()
         if type(outs) is not list:
             return np.average(np.asarray(all_outs),
                               weights=weights)
@@ -1536,10 +1577,10 @@ class Model(Container):
             averages = []
             for i in range(len(outs)):
                 averages.append(np.average([out[i] for out in all_outs],
-                                weights=weights))
+                                           weights=weights))
             return averages
 
-    def predict_generator(self, generator, val_samples, max_q_size=10):
+    def predict_generator(self, generator, val_samples, max_q_size=10, nb_worker=1, pickle_safe=False):
         '''Generates predictions for the input samples from a data generator.
         The generator should return the same kind of data as accepted by
         `predict_on_batch`.
@@ -1549,6 +1590,11 @@ class Model(Container):
             val_samples: total number of samples to generate from `generator`
                 before returning.
             max_q_size: maximum size for the generator queue
+            nb_worker: maximum number of processes to spin up when using process based threading
+            pickle_safe: if True, use process based threading. Note that because
+                this implementation relies on multiprocessing, you should not pass non
+                non picklable arguments to the generator as they can't be passed
+                easily to children processes.
 
         # Returns
             Numpy array(s) of predictions.
@@ -1558,7 +1604,8 @@ class Model(Container):
         processed_samples = 0
         wait_time = 0.01
         all_outs = []
-        data_gen_queue, _stop = generator_queue(generator, max_q_size=max_q_size)
+        data_gen_queue, _stop = generator_queue(generator, max_q_size=max_q_size, nb_worker=nb_worker,
+                                                pickle_safe=pickle_safe)
 
         while processed_samples < val_samples:
             generator_output = None
@@ -1602,7 +1649,7 @@ class Model(Container):
             if len(all_outs) == 0:
                 for out in outs:
                     shape = (val_samples,) + out.shape[1:]
-                    all_outs.append(np.zeros(shape))
+                    all_outs.append(np.zeros(shape, dtype=K.floatx()))
 
             for i, out in enumerate(outs):
                 all_outs[i][processed_samples:(processed_samples + nb_samples)] = out
@@ -1610,6 +1657,8 @@ class Model(Container):
             processed_samples += nb_samples
 
         _stop.set()
+        if pickle_safe:
+            data_gen_queue.close()
         if len(all_outs) == 1:
             return all_outs[0]
         return all_outs

keras/initializations.py

@@ -29,13 +29,11 @@ def get_fans(shape, dim_ordering='th'):
 
 
 def uniform(shape, scale=0.05, name=None):
-    return K.variable(np.random.uniform(low=-scale, high=scale, size=shape),
-                      name=name)
+    return K.random_uniform_variable(shape, -scale, scale, name=name)
 
 
 def normal(shape, scale=0.05, name=None):
-    return K.variable(np.random.normal(loc=0.0, scale=scale, size=shape),
-                      name=name)
+    return K.random_normal_variable(shape, 0.0, scale, name=name)
 
 
 def lecun_uniform(shape, name=None, dim_ordering='th'):

keras/layers/__init__.py

@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@ from __future__ import absolute_import
 from ..engine import Layer, Input, InputLayer, Merge, merge, InputSpec
 from .core import *
 from .convolutional import *
+from .pooling import *
+from .local import *
 from .recurrent import *
 from .normalization import *
 from .embeddings import *

keras/layers/advanced_activations.py

@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ class ELU(Layer):
         return pos + self.alpha * (K.exp(neg) - 1.)
 
     def get_config(self):
-        config = {'alpha': self.alpha}
+        config = {'alpha': float(self.alpha)}
         base_config = super(ELU, self).get_config()
         return dict(list(base_config.items()) + list(config.items()))
 
@@ -161,8 +161,8 @@ class ParametricSoftplus(Layer):
         return K.softplus(self.betas * x) * self.alphas
 
     def get_config(self):
-        config = {'alpha_init': self.alpha_init,
-                  'beta_init': self.beta_init}
+        config = {'alpha_init': float(self.alpha_init),
+                  'beta_init': float(self.beta_init)}
         base_config = super(ParametricSoftplus, self).get_config()
         return dict(list(base_config.items()) + list(config.items()))
 
@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ class ThresholdedReLU(Layer):
         return x * K.cast(x > self.theta, K.floatx())
 
     def get_config(self):
-        config = {'theta': self.theta}
+        config = {'theta': float(self.theta)}
         base_config = super(ThresholdedReLU, self).get_config()
         return dict(list(base_config.items()) + list(config.items()))
 

keras/layers/core.py

@@ -387,7 +387,14 @@ class Lambda(Layer):
         function: The function to be evaluated.
             Takes one argument: the output of previous layer
         output_shape: Expected output shape from function.
-            Could be a tuple or a function of the shape of the input
+            Can be a tuple or function.
+            If a tuple, it only specifies the first dimension onward; 
+                 sample dimension is assumed either the same as the input:
+                 `output_shape = (input_shape[0], ) + output_shape`
+                 or, the input is `None` and the sample dimension is also `None`:
+                 `output_shape = (None, ) + output_shape`
+            If a function, it specifies the entire shape as a function of 
+                 the input shape: `output_shape = f(input_shape)`
         arguments: optional dictionary of keyword arguments to be passed
             to the function.
 
@@ -402,7 +409,7 @@ class Lambda(Layer):
     def __init__(self, function, output_shape=None, arguments={}, **kwargs):
         self.function = function
         self.arguments = arguments
-        self.supports_masking = True
+        self.supports_masking = False
 
         if output_shape is None:
             self._output_shape = None

keras/layers/embeddings.py

@@ -125,6 +125,8 @@ class Embedding(Layer):
         return (input_shape[0], input_length, self.output_dim)
 
     def call(self, x, mask=None):
+        if K.dtype(x) != 'int32':
+            x = K.cast(x, 'int32')
         if 0. < self.dropout < 1.:
             retain_p = 1. - self.dropout
             B = K.random_binomial((self.input_dim,), p=retain_p) * (1. / retain_p)

keras/layers/local.py

@@ -0,0 +1,423 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+from keras import backend as K
+from keras.layers import activations, initializations, regularizers, constraints
+from keras.engine import Layer, InputSpec
+from ..utils.np_utils import conv_output_length
+
+
+class LocallyConnected1D(Layer):
+    '''LocallyConnected1D layer works almost the same as Convolution1D layer,
+    except that weights are unshared, that is, a different set of filters is
+    applied at each different patch of the input. When using this layer as the
+    first layer in a model, either provide the keyword argument `input_dim`
+    (int, e.g. 128 for sequences of 128-dimensional vectors), or `input_shape`
+    (tuple of integers, e.g. (10, 128) for sequences of 10 vectors of
+    128-dimensional vectors). Also, you will need to fix shape of the previous
+    layer, since the weights can only be defined with determined output shape.
+
+    # Example
+    ```python
+        # apply a unshared weight convolution 1d of length 3 to a sequence with
+        # 10 timesteps, with 64 output filters
+        model = Sequential()
+        model.add(LocallyConnected1D(64, 3, input_shape=(10, 32)))
+        # now model.output_shape == (None, 8, 64)
+        # add a new conv1d on top
+        model.add(LocallyConnected1D(32, 3))
+        # now model.output_shape == (None, 6, 32)
+    ```
+    # Arguments
+        nb_filter: Dimensionality of the output.
+        filter_length: The extension (spatial or temporal) of each filter.
+        init: name of initialization function for the weights of the layer
+            (see [initializations](../initializations.md)),
+            or alternatively, Theano function to use for weights initialization.
+            This parameter is only relevant if you don't pass a `weights` argument.
+        activation: name of activation function to use
+            (see [activations](../activations.md)),
+            or alternatively, elementwise Theano function.
+            If you don't specify anything, no activation is applied
+            (ie. "linear" activation: a(x) = x).
+        weights: list of numpy arrays to set as initial weights.
+        border_mode: Only support 'valid'. Please make good use of
+            ZeroPadding1D to achieve same output length.
+        subsample_length: factor by which to subsample output.
+        W_regularizer: instance of [WeightRegularizer](../regularizers.md)
+            (eg. L1 or L2 regularization), applied to the main weights matrix.
+        b_regularizer: instance of [WeightRegularizer](../regularizers.md),
+            applied to the bias.
+        activity_regularizer: instance of [ActivityRegularizer](../regularizers.md),
+            applied to the network output.
+        W_constraint: instance of the [constraints](../constraints.md) module
+            (eg. maxnorm, nonneg), applied to the main weights matrix.
+        b_constraint: instance of the [constraints](../constraints.md) module,
+            applied to the bias.
+        bias: whether to include a bias (i.e. make the layer affine rather than linear).
+        input_dim: Number of channels/dimensions in the input.
+            Either this argument or the keyword argument `input_shape`must be
+            provided when using this layer as the first layer in a model.
+        input_length: Length of input sequences, when it is constant.
+            This argument is required if you are going to connect
+            `Flatten` then `Dense` layers upstream
+            (without it, the shape of the dense outputs cannot be computed).
+    # Input shape
+        3D tensor with shape: `(samples, steps, input_dim)`.
+    # Output shape
+        3D tensor with shape: `(samples, new_steps, nb_filter)`.
+        `steps` value might have changed due to padding.
+    '''
+    def __init__(self, nb_filter, filter_length,
+                 init='uniform', activation='linear', weights=None,
+                 border_mode='valid', subsample_length=1,
+                 W_regularizer=None, b_regularizer=None, activity_regularizer=None,
+                 W_constraint=None, b_constraint=None,
+                 bias=True, input_dim=None, input_length=None, **kwargs):
+        if border_mode != 'valid':
+            raise Exception('Invalid border mode for LocallyConnected1D '
+                            '(only "valid" is supported):', border_mode)
+        self.nb_filter = nb_filter
+        self.filter_length = filter_length
+        self.init = initializations.get(init, dim_ordering='th')
+        self.activation = activations.get(activation)
+
+        self.border_mode = border_mode
+        self.subsample_length = subsample_length
+
+        self.W_regularizer = regularizers.get(W_regularizer)
+        self.b_regularizer = regularizers.get(b_regularizer)
+        self.activity_regularizer = regularizers.get(activity_regularizer)
+
+        self.W_constraint = constraints.get(W_constraint)
+        self.b_constraint = constraints.get(b_constraint)
+
+        self.bias = bias
+        self.input_spec = [InputSpec(ndim=3)]
+        self.initial_weights = weights
+        self.input_dim = input_dim
+        self.input_length = input_length
+        if self.input_dim:
+            kwargs['input_shape'] = (self.input_length, self.input_dim)
+        super(LocallyConnected1D, self).__init__(**kwargs)
+
+    def build(self, input_shape):
+        input_dim = input_shape[2]
+        _, output_length, nb_filter = self.get_output_shape_for(input_shape)
+
+        self.W_shape = (output_length, self.filter_length * input_dim, nb_filter)
+        self.W = self.init(self.W_shape, name='{}_W'.format(self.name))
+        if self.bias:
+            self.b = K.zeros((output_length, self.nb_filter), name='{}_b'.format(self.name))
+            self.trainable_weights = [self.W, self.b]
+        else:
+            self.trainable_weights = [self.W]
+
+        self.regularizers = []
+        if self.W_regularizer:
+            self.W_regularizer.set_param(self.W)
+            self.regularizers.append(self.W_regularizer)
+        if self.b_regularizer:
+            self.b_regularizer.set_param(self.b)
+            self.regularizers.append(self.b_regularizer)
+        if self.activity_regularizer:
+            self.activity_regularizer.set_layer(self)
+            self.regularizers.append(self.activity_regularizer)
+
+        self.constraints = {}
+        if self.W_constraint:
+            self.constraints[self.W] = self.W_constraint
+        if self.b_constraint:
+            self.constraints[self.b] = self.b_constraint
+
+        if self.initial_weights is not None:
+            self.set_weights(self.initial_weights)
+            del self.initial_weights
+
+    def get_output_shape_for(self, input_shape):
+        length = conv_output_length(input_shape[1],
+                                    self.filter_length,
+                                    self.border_mode,
+                                    self.subsample_length)
+        return (input_shape[0], length, self.nb_filter)
+
+    def call(self, x, mask=None):
+        stride = self.subsample_length
+        output_length, feature_dim, nb_filter = self.W_shape
+
+        xs = []
+        for i in range(output_length):
+            slice_length = slice(i * stride, i * stride + self.filter_length)
+            xs.append(K.reshape(x[:, slice_length, :], (1, -1, feature_dim)))
+        x_aggregate = K.concatenate(xs, axis=0)
+        # (output_length, batch_size, nb_filter)
+        output = K.batch_dot(x_aggregate, self.W)
+        output = K.permute_dimensions(output, (1, 0, 2))
+
+        if self.bias:
+            output += K.reshape(self.b, (1, output_length, nb_filter))
+
+        output = self.activation(output)
+        return output
+
+    def get_config(self):
+        config = {'nb_filter': self.nb_filter,
+                  'filter_length': self.filter_length,
+                  'init': self.init.__name__,
+                  'activation': self.activation.__name__,
+                  'border_mode': self.border_mode,
+                  'subsample_length': self.subsample_length,
+                  'W_regularizer': self.W_regularizer.get_config() if self.W_regularizer else None,
+                  'b_regularizer': self.b_regularizer.get_config() if self.b_regularizer else None,
+                  'activity_regularizer': self.activity_regularizer.get_config() if self.activity_regularizer else None,
+                  'W_constraint': self.W_constraint.get_config() if self.W_constraint else None,
+                  'b_constraint': self.b_constraint.get_config() if self.b_constraint else None,
+                  'bias': self.bias,
+                  'input_dim': self.input_dim,
+                  'input_length': self.input_length}
+        base_config = super(LocallyConnected1D, self).get_config()
+        return dict(list(base_config.items()) + list(config.items()))
+
+
+class LocallyConnected2D(Layer):
+    '''LocallyConnected2D layer works almost the same as Convolution2D layer,
+    except that weights are unshared, that is, a different set of filters is
+    applied at each different patch of the input. When using this layer as the
+    first layer in a model, provide the keyword argument `input_shape` (tuple
+    of integers, does not include the sample axis), e.g.
+    `input_shape=(3, 128, 128)` for 128x128 RGB pictures. Also, you will need
+    to fix shape of the previous layer, since the weights can only be defined
+    with determined output shape.
+
+    # Examples
+    ```python
+        # apply a 3x3 unshared weights convolution with 64 output filters on a 32x32 image:
+        model = Sequential()
+        model.add(LocallyConnected2D(64, 3, 3, input_shape=(3, 32, 32)))
+        # now model.output_shape == (None, 64, 30, 30)
+        # notice that this layer will consume (30*30)*(3*3*3*64) + (30*30)*64 parameters
+
+        # add a 3x3 unshared weights convolution on top, with 32 output filters:
+        model.add(LocallyConnected2D(32, 3, 3))
+        # now model.output_shape == (None, 32, 28, 28)
+    ```
+
+    # Arguments
+        nb_filter: Number of convolution filters to use.
+        nb_row: Number of rows in the convolution kernel.
+        nb_col: Number of columns in the convolution kernel.
+        init: name of initialization function for the weights of the layer
+            (see [initializations](../initializations.md)), or alternatively,
+            Theano function to use for weights initialization.
+            This parameter is only relevant if you don't pass
+            a `weights` argument.
+        activation: name of activation function to use
+            (see [activations](../activations.md)),
+            or alternatively, elementwise Theano function.
+            If you don't specify anything, no activation is applied
+            (ie. "linear" activation: a(x) = x).
+        weights: list of numpy arrays to set as initial weights.
+        border_mode: Only support 'valid'. Please make good use of
+            ZeroPadding2D to achieve same output shape.
+        subsample: tuple of length 2. Factor by which to subsample output.
+            Also called strides elsewhere.
+        W_regularizer: instance of [WeightRegularizer](../regularizers.md)
+            (eg. L1 or L2 regularization), applied to the main weights matrix.
+        b_regularizer: instance of [WeightRegularizer](../regularizers.md),
+            applied to the bias.
+        activity_regularizer: instance of [ActivityRegularizer](../regularizers.md),
+            applied to the network output.
+        W_constraint: instance of the [constraints](../constraints.md) module
+            (eg. maxnorm, nonneg), applied to the main weights matrix.
+        b_constraint: instance of the [constraints](../constraints.md) module,
+            applied to the bias.
+        dim_ordering: 'th' or 'tf'. In 'th' mode, the channels dimension
+            (the depth) is at index 1, in 'tf' mode is it at index 3.
+        bias: whether to include a bias (i.e. make the layer affine rather than linear).
+
+    # Input shape
+        4D tensor with shape:
+        `(samples, channels, rows, cols)` if dim_ordering='th'
+        or 4D tensor with shape:
+        `(samples, rows, cols, channels)` if dim_ordering='tf'.
+
+    # Output shape
+        4D tensor with shape:
+        `(samples, nb_filter, new_rows, new_cols)` if dim_ordering='th'
+        or 4D tensor with shape:
+        `(samples, new_rows, new_cols, nb_filter)` if dim_ordering='tf'.
+        `rows` and `cols` values might have changed due to padding.
+    '''
+    def __init__(self, nb_filter, nb_row, nb_col,
+                 init='glorot_uniform', activation='linear', weights=None,
+                 border_mode='valid', subsample=(1, 1),
+                 dim_ordering='default',
+                 W_regularizer=None, b_regularizer=None, activity_regularizer=None,
+                 W_constraint=None, b_constraint=None,
+                 bias=True, **kwargs):
+        if dim_ordering == 'default':
+            dim_ordering = K.image_dim_ordering()
+        if border_mode != 'valid':
+            raise Exception('Invalid border mode for LocallyConnected2D '
+                            '(only "valid" is supported):', border_mode)
+        self.nb_filter = nb_filter
+        self.nb_row = nb_row
+        self.nb_col = nb_col
+        self.init = initializations.get(init, dim_ordering=dim_ordering)
+        self.activation = activations.get(activation)
+
+        self.border_mode = border_mode
+        self.subsample = tuple(subsample)
+        assert dim_ordering in {'tf', 'th'}, 'dim_ordering must be in {tf, th}'
+        self.dim_ordering = dim_ordering
+
+        self.W_regularizer = regularizers.get(W_regularizer)
+        self.b_regularizer = regularizers.get(b_regularizer)
+        self.activity_regularizer = regularizers.get(activity_regularizer)
+
+        self.W_constraint = constraints.get(W_constraint)
+        self.b_constraint = constraints.get(b_constraint)
+
+        self.bias = bias
+        self.input_spec = [InputSpec(ndim=4)]
+        self.initial_weights = weights
+        super(LocallyConnected2D, self).__init__(**kwargs)
+
+    def build(self, input_shape):
+        output_shape = self.get_output_shape_for(input_shape)
+        if self.dim_ordering == 'th':
+            _, nb_filter, output_row, output_col = output_shape
+            input_filter = input_shape[1]
+        elif self.dim_ordering == 'tf':
+            _, output_row, output_col, nb_filter = output_shape
+            input_filter = input_shape[3]
+        else:
+            raise Exception('Invalid dim_ordering: ' + self.dim_ordering)
+
+        self.output_row = output_row
+        self.output_col = output_col
+        self.W_shape = (output_row * output_col, self.nb_row * self.nb_col * input_filter, nb_filter)
+        self.W = self.init(self.W_shape, name='{}_W'.format(self.name))
+
+        if self.bias:
+            self.b = K.zeros((output_row, output_col, nb_filter), name='{}_b'.format(self.name))
+            self.trainable_weights = [self.W, self.b]
+        else:
+            self.trainable_weights = [self.W]
+
+        self.regularizers = []
+        if self.W_regularizer:
+            self.W_regularizer.set_param(self.W)
+            self.regularizers.append(self.W_regularizer)
+        if self.bias and self.b_regularizer:
+            self.b_regularizer.set_param(self.b)
+            self.regularizers.append(self.b_regularizer)
+        if self.activity_regularizer:
+            self.activity_regularizer.set_layer(self)
+            self.regularizers.append(self.activity_regularizer)
+
+        self.constraints = {}
+        if self.W_constraint:
+            self.constraints[self.W] = self.W_constraint
+        if self.bias and self.b_constraint:
+            self.constraints[self.b] = self.b_constraint
+
+        if self.initial_weights is not None:
+            self.set_weights(self.initial_weights)
+            del self.initial_weights
+
+    def get_output_shape_for(self, input_shape):
+        if self.dim_ordering == 'th':
+            rows = input_shape[2]
+            cols = input_shape[3]
+        elif self.dim_ordering == 'tf':
+            rows = input_shape[1]
+            cols = input_shape[2]
+        else:
+            raise Exception('Invalid dim_ordering: ' + self.dim_ordering)
+
+        rows = conv_output_length(rows, self.nb_row,
+                                  self.border_mode, self.subsample[0])
+        cols = conv_output_length(cols, self.nb_col,
+                                  self.border_mode, self.subsample[1])
+
+        if self.dim_ordering == 'th':
+            return (input_shape[0], self.nb_filter, rows, cols)
+        elif self.dim_ordering == 'tf':
+            return (input_shape[0], rows, cols, self.nb_filter)
+        else:
+            raise Exception('Invalid dim_ordering: ' + self.dim_ordering)
+
+    def call(self, x, mask=None):
+        stride_row, stride_col = self.subsample
+        _, feature_dim, nb_filter = self.W_shape
+
+        if self.dim_ordering == 'th':
+            if K._backend == 'theano':
+                output = []
+                for i in range(self.output_row):
+                    for j in range(self.output_col):
+                        slice_row = slice(i * stride_row,
+                                          i * stride_row + self.nb_row)
+                        slice_col = slice(j * stride_col,
+                                          j * stride_col + self.nb_col)
+                        x_flatten = K.reshape(x[:, :, slice_row, slice_col], (1, -1, feature_dim))
+                        output.append(K.dot(x_flatten, self.W[i * self.output_col + j, :, :]))
+                output = K.concatenate(output, axis=0)
+            else:
+                xs = []
+                for i in range(self.output_row):
+                    for j in range(self.output_col):
+                        slice_row = slice(i * stride_row,
+                                          i * stride_row + self.nb_row)
+                        slice_col = slice(j * stride_col,
+                                          j * stride_col + self.nb_col)
+                        xs.append(K.reshape(x[:, :, slice_row, slice_col], (1, -1, feature_dim)))
+                x_aggregate = K.concatenate(xs, axis=0)
+                output = K.batch_dot(x_aggregate, self.W)
+            output = K.reshape(output, (self.output_row, self.output_col, -1, nb_filter))
+            output = K.permute_dimensions(output, (2, 3, 0, 1))
+        elif self.dim_ordering == 'tf':
+            xs = []
+            for i in range(self.output_row):
+                for j in range(self.output_col):
+                    slice_row = slice(i * stride_row,
+                                      i * stride_row + self.nb_row)
+                    slice_col = slice(j * stride_col,
+                                      j * stride_col + self.nb_col)
+                    xs.append(K.reshape(x[:, slice_row, slice_col, :], (1, -1, feature_dim)))
+            x_aggregate = K.concatenate(xs, axis=0)
+            output = K.batch_dot(x_aggregate, self.W)
+            output = K.reshape(output, (self.output_row, self.output_col, -1, nb_filter))
+            output = K.permute_dimensions(output, (2, 0, 1, 3))
+        else:
+            raise Exception('Invalid dim_ordering: ' + self.dim_ordering)
+
+        if self.bias:
+            if self.dim_ordering == 'th':
+                output += K.reshape(self.b, (1, nb_filter, self.output_row, self.output_col))
+            elif self.dim_ordering == 'tf':
+                output += K.reshape(self.b, (1, self.output_row, self.output_col, nb_filter))
+            else:
+                raise Exception('Invalid dim_ordering: ' + self.dim_ordering)
+
+        output = self.activation(output)
+        return output
+
+    def get_config(self):
+        config = {'nb_filter': self.nb_filter,
+                  'nb_row': self.nb_row,
+                  'nb_col': self.nb_col,
+                  'init': self.init.__name__,
+                  'activation': self.activation.__name__,
+                  'border_mode': self.border_mode,
+                  'subsample': self.subsample,
+                  'dim_ordering': self.dim_ordering,
+                  'W_regularizer': self.W_regularizer.get_config() if self.W_regularizer else None,
+                  'b_regularizer': self.b_regularizer.get_config() if self.b_regularizer else None,
+                  'activity_regularizer': self.activity_regularizer.get_config() if self.activity_regularizer else None,
+                  'W_constraint': self.W_constraint.get_config() if self.W_constraint else None,
+                  'b_constraint': self.b_constraint.get_config() if self.b_constraint else None,
+                  'bias': self.bias}
+        base_config = super(LocallyConnected2D, self).get_config()
+        return dict(list(base_config.items()) + list(config.items()))

keras/layers/noise.py

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 from __future__ import absolute_import
 from ..engine import Layer
 from .. import backend as K
+import numpy as np
 
 
 class GaussianNoise(Layer):
@@ -71,7 +72,7 @@ class GaussianDropout(Layer):
     def call(self, x, mask=None):
         if 0 < self.p < 1:
             noise_x = x * K.random_normal(shape=K.shape(x), mean=1.0,
-                                          std=K.sqrt(self.p / (1.0 - self.p)))
+                                          std=np.sqrt(self.p / (1.0 - self.p)))
             return K.in_train_phase(noise_x, x)
         return x
 

keras/layers/normalization.py

@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ class BatchNormalization(Layer):
         weights: Initialization weights.
             List of 2 Numpy arrays, with shapes:
             `[(input_shape,), (input_shape,)]`
+            Note that the order of this list is [gamma, beta, mean, std]
         beta_init: name of initialization function for shift parameter
             (see [initializations](../initializations.md)), or alternatively,
             Theano/TensorFlow function to use for weights initialization.
@@ -55,8 +56,9 @@ class BatchNormalization(Layer):
     # References
         - [Batch Normalization: Accelerating Deep Network Training by Reducing Internal Covariate Shift](http://jmlr.org/proceedings/papers/v37/ioffe15.html)
     '''
-    def __init__(self, epsilon=1e-6, mode=0, axis=-1, momentum=0.9,
+    def __init__(self, epsilon=1e-6, mode=0, axis=-1, momentum=0.99,
                  weights=None, beta_init='zero', gamma_init='one', **kwargs):
+        self.supports_masking = True
         self.beta_init = initializations.get(beta_init)
         self.gamma_init = initializations.get(gamma_init)
         self.epsilon = epsilon
@@ -98,18 +100,10 @@ class BatchNormalization(Layer):
             broadcast_shape = [1] * len(input_shape)
             broadcast_shape[self.axis] = input_shape[self.axis]
 
-            # case: train mode (uses stats of the current batch)
-            mean = K.mean(x, axis=reduction_axes)
-            brodcast_mean = K.reshape(mean, broadcast_shape)
-            std = K.mean(K.square(x - brodcast_mean) + self.epsilon, axis=reduction_axes)
-            std = K.sqrt(std)
-            brodcast_std = K.reshape(std, broadcast_shape)
-            mean_update = self.momentum * self.running_mean + (1 - self.momentum) * mean
-            std_update = self.momentum * self.running_std + (1 - self.momentum) * std
-
             if self.mode == 2:
-                x_normed = (x - brodcast_mean) / (brodcast_std + self.epsilon)
-                out = K.reshape(self.gamma, broadcast_shape) * x_normed + K.reshape(self.beta, broadcast_shape)
+                x_normed, mean, std = K.normalize_batch_in_training(
+                    x, self.gamma, self.beta, reduction_axes,
+                    epsilon=self.epsilon)
             else:
                 # mode 0
                 if self.called_with not in {None, x}:
@@ -123,26 +117,39 @@ class BatchNormalization(Layer):
                                     '(see docs for a description of '
                                     'the behavior).')
                 self.called_with = x
-                self.updates = [(self.running_mean, mean_update),
-                                (self.running_std, std_update)]
-                x_normed = (x - brodcast_mean) / (brodcast_std + self.epsilon)
+                x_normed, mean, std = K.normalize_batch_in_training(
+                    x, self.gamma, self.beta, reduction_axes,
+                    epsilon=self.epsilon)
 
-                # case: test mode (uses running averages)
-                brodcast_running_mean = K.reshape(self.running_mean, broadcast_shape)
-                brodcast_running_std = K.reshape(self.running_std, broadcast_shape)
-                x_normed_running = ((x - brodcast_running_mean) / (brodcast_running_std + self.epsilon))
+                self.updates = [K.moving_average_update(self.running_mean, mean, self.momentum),
+                                K.moving_average_update(self.running_std, std, self.momentum)]
+
+                if sorted(reduction_axes) == range(K.ndim(x))[:-1]:
+                    x_normed_running = K.batch_normalization(
+                        x, self.running_mean, self.running_std,
+                        self.beta, self.gamma,
+                        epsilon=self.epsilon)
+                else:
+                    # need broadcasting
+                    broadcast_running_mean = K.reshape(self.running_mean, broadcast_shape)
+                    broadcast_running_std = K.reshape(self.running_std, broadcast_shape)
+                    broadcast_beta = K.reshape(self.beta, broadcast_shape)
+                    broadcast_gamma = K.reshape(self.gamma, broadcast_shape)
+                    x_normed_running = K.batch_normalization(
+                        x, broadcast_running_mean, broadcast_running_std,
+                        broadcast_beta, broadcast_gamma,
+                        epsilon=self.epsilon)
 
                 # pick the normalized form of x corresponding to the training phase
                 x_normed = K.in_train_phase(x_normed, x_normed_running)
-                out = K.reshape(self.gamma, broadcast_shape) * x_normed + K.reshape(self.beta, broadcast_shape)
 
         elif self.mode == 1:
             # sample-wise normalization
             m = K.mean(x, axis=-1, keepdims=True)
             std = K.sqrt(K.var(x, axis=-1, keepdims=True) + self.epsilon)
             x_normed = (x - m) / (std + self.epsilon)
-            out = self.gamma * x_normed + self.beta
-        return out
+            x_normed = self.gamma * x_normed + self.beta
+        return x_normed
 
     def get_config(self):
         config = {"epsilon": self.epsilon,

keras/layers/pooling.py

@@ -0,0 +1,400 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+from .. import backend as K
+from ..engine import Layer, InputSpec
+from ..utils.np_utils import conv_output_length
+
+
+class _Pooling1D(Layer):
+    '''Abstract class for different pooling 1D layers.
+    '''
+    input_dim = 3
+
+    def __init__(self, pool_length=2, stride=None,
+                 border_mode='valid', **kwargs):
+        super(_Pooling1D, self).__init__(**kwargs)
+        if stride is None:
+            stride = pool_length
+        self.pool_length = pool_length
+        self.stride = stride
+        self.st = (self.stride, 1)
+        self.pool_size = (pool_length, 1)
+        assert border_mode in {'valid', 'same'}, 'border_mode must be in {valid, same}'
+        self.border_mode = border_mode
+        self.input_spec = [InputSpec(ndim=3)]
+
+    def get_output_shape_for(self, input_shape):
+        length = conv_output_length(input_shape[1], self.pool_length,
+                                    self.border_mode, self.stride)
+        return (input_shape[0], length, input_shape[2])
+
+    def _pooling_function(self, back_end, inputs, pool_size, strides,
+                          border_mode, dim_ordering):
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def call(self, x, mask=None):
+        x = K.expand_dims(x, -1)   # add dummy last dimension
+        x = K.permute_dimensions(x, (0, 2, 1, 3))
+        output = self._pooling_function(inputs=x, pool_size=self.pool_size,
+                                        strides=self.st,
+                                        border_mode=self.border_mode,
+                                        dim_ordering='th')
+        output = K.permute_dimensions(output, (0, 2, 1, 3))
+        return K.squeeze(output, 3)  # remove dummy last dimension
+
+    def get_config(self):
+        config = {'stride': self.stride,
+                  'pool_length': self.pool_length,
+                  'border_mode': self.border_mode}
+        base_config = super(_Pooling1D, self).get_config()
+        return dict(list(base_config.items()) + list(config.items()))
+
+
+class MaxPooling1D(_Pooling1D):
+    '''Max pooling operation for temporal data.
+
+    # Input shape
+        3D tensor with shape: `(samples, steps, features)`.
+
+    # Output shape
+        3D tensor with shape: `(samples, downsampled_steps, features)`.
+
+    # Arguments
+        pool_length: size of the region to which max pooling is applied
+        stride: integer, or None. factor by which to downscale.
+            2 will halve the input.
+            If None, it will default to `pool_length`.
+        border_mode: 'valid' or 'same'.
+            Note: 'same' will only work with TensorFlow for the time being.
+    '''
+
+    def __init__(self, pool_length=2, stride=None,
+                 border_mode='valid', **kwargs):
+        super(MaxPooling1D, self).__init__(pool_length, stride,
+                                           border_mode, **kwargs)
+
+    def _pooling_function(self, inputs, pool_size, strides,
+                          border_mode, dim_ordering):
+        output = K.pool2d(inputs, pool_size, strides,
+                          border_mode, dim_ordering, pool_mode='max')
+        return output
+
+
+class AveragePooling1D(_Pooling1D):
+    '''Average pooling for temporal data.
+
+    # Arguments
+        pool_length: factor by which to downscale. 2 will halve the input.
+        stride: integer, or None. Stride value.
+            If None, it will default to `pool_length`.
+        border_mode: 'valid' or 'same'.
+            Note: 'same' will only work with TensorFlow for the time being.
+
+    # Input shape
+        3D tensor with shape: `(samples, steps, features)`.
+
+    # Output shape
+        3D tensor with shape: `(samples, downsampled_steps, features)`.
+    '''
+
+    def __init__(self, pool_length=2, stride=None,
+                 border_mode='valid', **kwargs):
+        super(AveragePooling1D, self).__init__(pool_length, stride,
+                                               border_mode, **kwargs)
+
+    def _pooling_function(self, inputs, pool_size, strides,
+                          border_mode, dim_ordering):
+        output = K.pool2d(inputs, pool_size, strides,
+                          border_mode, dim_ordering, pool_mode='avg')
+        return output
+
+
+class _Pooling2D(Layer):
+    '''Abstract class for different pooling 2D layers.
+    '''
+
+    def __init__(self, pool_size=(2, 2), strides=None, border_mode='valid',
+                 dim_ordering='default', **kwargs):
+        super(_Pooling2D, self).__init__(**kwargs)
+        if dim_ordering == 'default':
+            dim_ordering = K.image_dim_ordering()
+        self.pool_size = tuple(pool_size)
+        if strides is None:
+            strides = self.pool_size
+        self.strides = tuple(strides)
+        assert border_mode in {'valid', 'same'}, 'border_mode must be in {valid, same}'
+        self.border_mode = border_mode
+        assert dim_ordering in {'tf', 'th'}, 'dim_ordering must be in {tf, th}'
+        self.dim_ordering = dim_ordering
+        self.input_spec = [InputSpec(ndim=4)]
+
+    def get_output_shape_for(self, input_shape):
+        if self.dim_ordering == 'th':
+            rows = input_shape[2]
+            cols = input_shape[3]
+        elif self.dim_ordering == 'tf':
+            rows = input_shape[1]
+            cols = input_shape[2]
+        else:
+            raise Exception('Invalid dim_ordering: ' + self.dim_ordering)
+
+        rows = conv_output_length(rows, self.pool_size[0],
+                                  self.border_mode, self.strides[0])
+        cols = conv_output_length(cols, self.pool_size[1],
+                                  self.border_mode, self.strides[1])
+
+        if self.dim_ordering == 'th':
+            return (input_shape[0], input_shape[1], rows, cols)
+        elif self.dim_ordering == 'tf':
+            return (input_shape[0], rows, cols, input_shape[3])
+        else:
+            raise Exception('Invalid dim_ordering: ' + self.dim_ordering)
+
+    def _pooling_function(self, inputs, pool_size, strides,
+                          border_mode, dim_ordering):
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def call(self, x, mask=None):
+        output = self._pooling_function(inputs=x, pool_size=self.pool_size,
+                                        strides=self.strides,
+                                        border_mode=self.border_mode,
+                                        dim_ordering=self.dim_ordering)
+        return output
+
+    def get_config(self):
+        config = {'pool_size': self.pool_size,
+                  'border_mode': self.border_mode,
+                  'strides': self.strides,
+                  'dim_ordering': self.dim_ordering}
+        base_config = super(_Pooling2D, self).get_config()
+        return dict(list(base_config.items()) + list(config.items()))
+
+
+class MaxPooling2D(_Pooling2D):
+    '''Max pooling operation for spatial data.
+
+    # Arguments
+        pool_size: tuple of 2 integers,
+            factors by which to downscale (vertical, horizontal).
+            (2, 2) will halve the image in each dimension.
+        strides: tuple of 2 integers, or None. Strides values.
+            If None, it will default to `pool_size`.
+        border_mode: 'valid' or 'same'.
+            Note: 'same' will only work with TensorFlow for the time being.
+        dim_ordering: 'th' or 'tf'. In 'th' mode, the channels dimension
+            (the depth) is at index 1, in 'tf' mode is it at index 3.
+            It defaults to the `image_dim_ordering` value found in your
+            Keras config file at `~/.keras/keras.json`.
+            If you never set it, then it will be "th".
+
+    # Input shape
+        4D tensor with shape:
+        `(samples, channels, rows, cols)` if dim_ordering='th'
+        or 4D tensor with shape:
+        `(samples, rows, cols, channels)` if dim_ordering='tf'.
+
+    # Output shape
+        4D tensor with shape:
+        `(nb_samples, channels, pooled_rows, pooled_cols)` if dim_ordering='th'
+        or 4D tensor with shape:
+        `(samples, pooled_rows, pooled_cols, channels)` if dim_ordering='tf'.
+    '''
+
+    def __init__(self, pool_size=(2, 2), strides=None, border_mode='valid',
+                 dim_ordering='default', **kwargs):
+        super(MaxPooling2D, self).__init__(pool_size, strides, border_mode,
+                                           dim_ordering, **kwargs)
+
+    def _pooling_function(self, inputs, pool_size, strides,
+                          border_mode, dim_ordering):
+        output = K.pool2d(inputs, pool_size, strides,
+                          border_mode, dim_ordering, pool_mode='max')
+        return output
+
+
+class AveragePooling2D(_Pooling2D):
+    '''Average pooling operation for spatial data.
+
+    # Arguments
+        pool_size: tuple of 2 integers,
+            factors by which to downscale (vertical, horizontal).
+            (2, 2) will halve the image in each dimension.
+        strides: tuple of 2 integers, or None. Strides values.
+            If None, it will default to `pool_size`.
+        border_mode: 'valid' or 'same'.
+            Note: 'same' will only work with TensorFlow for the time being.
+        dim_ordering: 'th' or 'tf'. In 'th' mode, the channels dimension
+            (the depth) is at index 1, in 'tf' mode is it at index 3.
+            It defaults to the `image_dim_ordering` value found in your
+            Keras config file at `~/.keras/keras.json`.
+            If you never set it, then it will be "th".
+
+    # Input shape
+        4D tensor with shape:
+        `(samples, channels, rows, cols)` if dim_ordering='th'
+        or 4D tensor with shape:
+        `(samples, rows, cols, channels)` if dim_ordering='tf'.
+
+    # Output shape
+        4D tensor with shape:
+        `(nb_samples, channels, pooled_rows, pooled_cols)` if dim_ordering='th'
+        or 4D tensor with shape:
+        `(samples, pooled_rows, pooled_cols, channels)` if dim_ordering='tf'.
+    '''
+
+    def __init__(self, pool_size=(2, 2), strides=None, border_mode='valid',
+                 dim_ordering='default', **kwargs):
+        super(AveragePooling2D, self).__init__(pool_size, strides, border_mode,
+                                               dim_ordering, **kwargs)
+
+    def _pooling_function(self, inputs, pool_size, strides,
+                          border_mode, dim_ordering):
+        output = K.pool2d(inputs, pool_size, strides,
+                          border_mode, dim_ordering, pool_mode='avg')
+        return output
+
+
+class _Pooling3D(Layer):
+    '''Abstract class for different pooling 3D layers.
+    '''
+
+    def __init__(self, pool_size=(2, 2, 2), strides=None, border_mode='valid',
+                 dim_ordering='default', **kwargs):
+        super(_Pooling3D, self).__init__(**kwargs)
+        if dim_ordering == 'default':
+            dim_ordering = K.image_dim_ordering()
+        self.pool_size = tuple(pool_size)
+        if strides is None:
+            strides = self.pool_size
+        self.strides = tuple(strides)
+        assert border_mode in {'valid', 'same'}, 'border_mode must be in {valid, same}'
+        self.border_mode = border_mode
+        assert dim_ordering in {'tf', 'th'}, 'dim_ordering must be in {tf, th}'
+        self.dim_ordering = dim_ordering
+        self.input_spec = [InputSpec(ndim=5)]
+
+    def get_output_shape_for(self, input_shape):
+        if self.dim_ordering == 'th':
+            len_dim1 = input_shape[2]
+            len_dim2 = input_shape[3]
+            len_dim3 = input_shape[4]
+        elif self.dim_ordering == 'tf':
+            len_dim1 = input_shape[1]
+            len_dim2 = input_shape[2]
+            len_dim3 = input_shape[3]
+        else:
+            raise Exception('Invalid dim_ordering: ' + self.dim_ordering)
+
+        len_dim1 = conv_output_length(len_dim1, self.pool_size[0],
+                                      self.border_mode, self.strides[0])
+        len_dim2 = conv_output_length(len_dim2, self.pool_size[1],
+                                      self.border_mode, self.strides[1])
+        len_dim3 = conv_output_length(len_dim3, self.pool_size[2],
+                                      self.border_mode, self.strides[2])
+
+        if self.dim_ordering == 'th':
+            return (input_shape[0], input_shape[1], len_dim1, len_dim2, len_dim3)
+        elif self.dim_ordering == 'tf':
+            return (input_shape[0], len_dim1, len_dim2, len_dim3, input_shape[4])
+        else:
+            raise Exception('Invalid dim_ordering: ' + self.dim_ordering)
+
+    def _pooling_function(self, inputs, pool_size, strides,
+                          border_mode, dim_ordering):
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def call(self, x, mask=None):
+        output = self._pooling_function(inputs=x, pool_size=self.pool_size,
+                                        strides=self.strides,
+                                        border_mode=self.border_mode,
+                                        dim_ordering=self.dim_ordering)
+        return output
+
+    def get_config(self):
+        config = {'pool_size': self.pool_size,
+                  'border_mode': self.border_mode,
+                  'strides': self.strides,
+                  'dim_ordering': self.dim_ordering}
+        base_config = super(_Pooling3D, self).get_config()
+        return dict(list(base_config.items()) + list(config.items()))
+
+
+class MaxPooling3D(_Pooling3D):
+    '''Max pooling operation for 3D data (spatial or spatio-temporal).
+
+    # Arguments
+        pool_size: tuple of 3 integers,
+            factors by which to downscale (dim1, dim2, dim3).
+            (2, 2, 2) will halve the size of the 3D input in each dimension.
+        strides: tuple of 3 integers, or None. Strides values.
+        border_mode: 'valid' or 'same'.
+        dim_ordering: 'th' or 'tf'. In 'th' mode, the channels dimension
+            (the depth) is at index 1, in 'tf' mode is it at index 4.
+            It defaults to the `image_dim_ordering` value found in your
+            Keras config file at `~/.keras/keras.json`.
+            If you never set it, then it will be "th".
+
+    # Input shape
+        5D tensor with shape:
+        `(samples, channels, len_pool_dim1, len_pool_dim2, len_pool_dim3)` if dim_ordering='th'
+        or 5D tensor with shape:
+        `(samples, len_pool_dim1, len_pool_dim2, len_pool_dim3, channels)` if dim_ordering='tf'.
+
+    # Output shape
+        5D tensor with shape:
+        `(nb_samples, channels, pooled_dim1, pooled_dim2, pooled_dim3)` if dim_ordering='th'
+        or 5D tensor with shape:
+        `(samples, pooled_dim1, pooled_dim2, pooled_dim3, channels)` if dim_ordering='tf'.
+    '''
+
+    def __init__(self, pool_size=(2, 2, 2), strides=None, border_mode='valid',
+                 dim_ordering='default', **kwargs):
+        super(MaxPooling3D, self).__init__(pool_size, strides, border_mode,
+                                           dim_ordering, **kwargs)
+
+    def _pooling_function(self, inputs, pool_size, strides,
+                          border_mode, dim_ordering):
+        output = K.pool3d(inputs, pool_size, strides,
+                          border_mode, dim_ordering, pool_mode='max')
+        return output
+
+
+class AveragePooling3D(_Pooling3D):
+    '''Average pooling operation for 3D data (spatial or spatio-temporal).
+
+    # Arguments
+        pool_size: tuple of 3 integers,
+            factors by which to downscale (dim1, dim2, dim3).
+            (2, 2, 2) will halve the size of the 3D input in each dimension.
+        strides: tuple of 3 integers, or None. Strides values.
+        border_mode: 'valid' or 'same'.
+        dim_ordering: 'th' or 'tf'. In 'th' mode, the channels dimension
+            (the depth) is at index 1, in 'tf' mode is it at index 4.
+            It defaults to the `image_dim_ordering` value found in your
+            Keras config file at `~/.keras/keras.json`.
+            If you never set it, then it will be "th".
+
+    # Input shape
+        5D tensor with shape:
+        `(samples, channels, len_pool_dim1, len_pool_dim2, len_pool_dim3)` if dim_ordering='th'
+        or 5D tensor with shape:
+        `(samples, len_pool_dim1, len_pool_dim2, len_pool_dim3, channels)` if dim_ordering='tf'.
+
+    # Output shape
+        5D tensor with shape:
+        `(nb_samples, channels, pooled_dim1, pooled_dim2, pooled_dim3)` if dim_ordering='th'
+        or 5D tensor with shape:
+        `(samples, pooled_dim1, pooled_dim2, pooled_dim3, channels)` if dim_ordering='tf'.
+    '''
+
+    def __init__(self, pool_size=(2, 2, 2), strides=None, border_mode='valid',
+                 dim_ordering='default', **kwargs):
+        super(AveragePooling3D, self).__init__(pool_size, strides, border_mode,
+                                               dim_ordering, **kwargs)
+
+    def _pooling_function(self, inputs, pool_size, strides,
+                          border_mode, dim_ordering):
+        output = K.pool3d(inputs, pool_size, strides,
+                          border_mode, dim_ordering, pool_mode='avg')
+        return output

keras/layers/recurrent.py

@@ -139,7 +139,10 @@ class Recurrent(Layer):
         To enable statefulness:
             - specify `stateful=True` in the layer constructor.
             - specify a fixed batch size for your model, by passing
-                a `batch_input_shape=(...)` to the first layer in your model.
+                if sequential model:
+                  a `batch_input_shape=(...)` to the first layer in your model.
+                else for functional model with 1 or more Input layers:
+                  a `batch_shape=(...)` to all the first layers in your model.
                 This is the expected shape of your inputs *including the batch size*.
                 It should be a tuple of integers, e.g. `(32, 10, 100)`.
 
@@ -190,9 +193,9 @@ class Recurrent(Layer):
     def get_initial_states(self, x):
         # build an all-zero tensor of shape (samples, output_dim)
         initial_state = K.zeros_like(x)  # (samples, timesteps, input_dim)
-        initial_state = K.sum(initial_state, axis=1)  # (samples, input_dim)
-        reducer = K.zeros((self.input_dim, self.output_dim))
-        initial_state = K.dot(initial_state, reducer)  # (samples, output_dim)
+        initial_state = K.sum(initial_state, axis=(1, 2))  # (samples,)
+        initial_state = K.expand_dims(initial_state)  # (samples, 1)
+        initial_state = K.tile(initial_state, [1, self.output_dim])  # (samples, output_dim)
         initial_states = [initial_state for _ in range(len(self.states))]
         return initial_states
 
@@ -689,7 +692,7 @@ class LSTM(Recurrent):
                                      name='{}_U'.format(self.name))
 
             self.b = K.variable(np.hstack((np.zeros(self.output_dim),
-                                           K.get_value(self.forget_bias_init(self.output_dim)),
+                                           K.get_value(self.forget_bias_init((self.output_dim,))),
                                            np.zeros(self.output_dim),
                                            np.zeros(self.output_dim))),
                                 name='{}_b'.format(self.name))

keras/models.py

@@ -1,13 +1,174 @@
 from __future__ import print_function
 import warnings
 import copy
+import json
+import os
+import numpy as np
 
 from . import backend as K
+from .utils.io_utils import ask_to_proceed_with_overwrite
 from .engine.training import Model
 from .engine.topology import get_source_inputs, Node
+from .optimizers import optimizer_from_config
 from .legacy.models import Graph
 
 
+def save_model(model, filepath, overwrite=True):
+
+    def get_json_type(obj):
+        # if obj is a serializable Keras class instance
+        # e.g. optimizer, layer
+        if hasattr(obj, 'get_config'):
+            return {'class_name': obj.__class__.__name__,
+                    'config': obj.get_config()}
+
+        # if obj is any numpy type
+        if type(obj).__module__ == np.__name__:
+            return obj.item()
+
+        # misc functions (e.g. loss function)
+        if hasattr(obj, '__call__'):
+            return obj.__name__
+
+        # if obj is a python 'type'
+        if type(obj).__name__ == type.__name__:
+            return obj.__name__
+
+        raise TypeError('Not JSON Serializable:', obj)
+
+    import h5py
+    from keras import __version__ as keras_version
+
+    # if file exists and should not be overwritten
+    if not overwrite and os.path.isfile(filepath):
+        proceed = ask_to_proceed_with_overwrite(filepath)
+        if not proceed:
+            return
+
+    f = h5py.File(filepath, 'w')
+    f.attrs['keras_version'] = str(keras_version).encode('utf8')
+    f.attrs['model_config'] = json.dumps({
+        'class_name': model.__class__.__name__,
+        'config': model.get_config()
+    }, default=get_json_type).encode('utf8')
+
+    model_weights_group = f.create_group('model_weights')
+    model.save_weights_to_hdf5_group(model_weights_group)
+
+    if hasattr(model, 'optimizer'):
+        f.attrs['training_config'] = json.dumps({
+            'optimizer_config': {
+                'class_name': model.optimizer.__class__.__name__,
+                'config': model.optimizer.get_config()
+            },
+            'loss': model.loss,
+            'metrics': model.metrics,
+            'sample_weight_mode': model.sample_weight_mode,
+            'loss_weights': model.loss_weights,
+        }, default=get_json_type).encode('utf8')
+
+        # save optimizer weights
+        symbolic_weights = getattr(model.optimizer, 'weights')
+        if symbolic_weights:
+            optimizer_weights_group = f.create_group('optimizer_weights')
+            weight_values = K.batch_get_value(symbolic_weights)
+            weight_names = []
+            for i, (w, val) in enumerate(zip(symbolic_weights, weight_values)):
+                if hasattr(w, 'name') and w.name:
+                    name = str(w.name)
+                else:
+                    name = 'param_' + str(i)
+                weight_names.append(name.encode('utf8'))
+            optimizer_weights_group.attrs['weight_names'] = weight_names
+            for name, val in zip(weight_names, weight_values):
+                param_dset = optimizer_weights_group.create_dataset(
+                    name,
+                    val.shape,
+                    dtype=val.dtype)
+                if not val.shape:
+                    # scalar
+                    param_dset[()] = val
+                else:
+                    param_dset[:] = val
+    f.flush()
+    f.close()
+
+
+def load_model(filepath, custom_objects={}):
+
+    def deserialize(obj):
+        if type(obj) is list:
+            deserialized = []
+            for value in obj:
+                if value in custom_objects:
+                    deserialized.append(custom_objects[value])
+                else:
+                    deserialized.append(value)
+            return deserialized
+        if type(obj) is dict:
+            deserialized = {}
+            for key, value in obj.items():
+                if value in custom_objects:
+                    deserialized[key] = custom_objects[value]
+                else:
+                    deserialized[key] = value
+            return deserialized
+        if obj in custom_objects:
+            return custom_objects[obj]
+        return obj
+
+    import h5py
+    f = h5py.File(filepath, mode='r')
+
+    # instantiate model
+    model_config = f.attrs.get('model_config')
+    if model_config is None:
+        raise ValueError('No model found in config file.')
+    model_config = json.loads(model_config.decode('utf-8'))
+    model = model_from_config(model_config, custom_objects=custom_objects)
+
+    # set weights
+    model.load_weights_from_hdf5_group(f['model_weights'])
+
+    # instantiate optimizer
+    training_config = f.attrs.get('training_config')
+    if training_config is None:
+        warnings.warn('No training configuration found in save file: '
+                      'the model was *not* compiled. Compile it manually.')
+        f.close()
+        return model
+    training_config = json.loads(training_config.decode('utf-8'))
+    optimizer_config = training_config['optimizer_config']
+    optimizer = optimizer_from_config(optimizer_config)
+
+    # recover loss functions and metrics
+    loss = deserialize(training_config['loss'])
+    metrics = deserialize(training_config['metrics'])
+    sample_weight_mode = training_config['sample_weight_mode']
+    loss_weights = training_config['loss_weights']
+
+    # compile model
+    model.compile(optimizer=optimizer,
+                  loss=loss,
+                  metrics=metrics,
+                  loss_weights=loss_weights,
+                  sample_weight_mode=sample_weight_mode)
+
+    # set optimizer weights
+    if 'optimizer_weights' in f:
+        # build train function (to get weight updates)
+        if model.__class__.__name__ == 'Sequential':
+            model.model._make_train_function()
+        else:
+            model._make_train_function()
+        optimizer_weights_group = f['optimizer_weights']
+        optimizer_weight_names = [n.decode('utf8') for n in optimizer_weights_group.attrs['weight_names']]
+        optimizer_weight_values = [optimizer_weights_group[n] for n in optimizer_weight_names]
+        model.optimizer.set_weights(optimizer_weight_values)
+    f.close()
+    return model
+
+
 def model_from_config(config, custom_objects={}):
     from keras.utils.layer_utils import layer_from_config
     if isinstance(config, list):
@@ -158,6 +319,26 @@ class Sequential(Model):
         self.built = False
         self._flattened_layers = None
 
+    def pop(self):
+        '''Removes the last layer in the model.
+        '''
+        if not self.layers:
+            raise Exception('There are no layers in the model.')
+
+        self.layers.pop()
+        if not self.layers:
+            self.outputs = []
+            self.inbound_nodes = []
+            self.outbound_nodes = []
+        else:
+            self.layers[-1].outbound_nodes = []
+            self.outputs = [self.layers[-1].output]
+            # update self.inbound_nodes
+            self.inbound_nodes[0].output_tensors = self.outputs
+            self.inbound_nodes[0].output_shapes = [self.outputs[0]._keras_shape]
+        self.built = False
+        self._flattened_layers = None
+
     def call(self, x, mask=None):
         if not self.built:
             self.build()
@@ -287,7 +468,7 @@ class Sequential(Model):
         '''
         # support for legacy behavior
         for layer in self.flattened_layers:
-            nb_param = len(layer.get_weights())
+            nb_param = len(layer.weights)
             layer.set_weights(weights[:nb_param])
             weights = weights[nb_param:]
 
@@ -343,6 +524,9 @@ class Sequential(Model):
                            **kwargs)
         self.optimizer = self.model.optimizer
         self.loss = self.model.loss
+        self.loss_weights = self.model.loss_weights
+        self.metrics = self.model.metrics
+        self.metrics_tensors = self.model.metrics_tensors
         self.metrics_names = self.model.metrics_names
         self.sample_weight_mode = self.model.sample_weight_mode
 
@@ -578,7 +762,7 @@ class Sequential(Model):
     def fit_generator(self, generator, samples_per_epoch, nb_epoch,
                       verbose=1, callbacks=[],
                       validation_data=None, nb_val_samples=None,
-                      class_weight=None, max_q_size=10, **kwargs):
+                      class_weight=None, max_q_size=10, nb_worker=1, pickle_safe=False, **kwargs):
         '''Fits the model on data generated batch-by-batch by
         a Python generator.
         The generator is run in parallel to the model, for efficiency.
@@ -609,6 +793,11 @@ class Sequential(Model):
             class_weight: dictionary mapping class indices to a weight
                 for the class.
             max_q_size: maximum size for the generator queue
+            nb_worker: maximum number of processes to spin up
+            pickle_safe: if True, use process based threading. Note that because
+                this implementation relies on multiprocessing, you should not pass non
+                non picklable arguments to the generator as they can't be passed
+                easily to children processes.
 
         # Returns
             A `History` object.
@@ -632,6 +821,9 @@ class Sequential(Model):
         '''
         if self.model is None:
             raise Exception('The model needs to be compiled before being used.')
+        if nb_worker > 1 and not pickle_safe:
+            warnings.warn('The "nb_worker" argument is deprecated when pickle_safe is False')
+            nb_worker = 1  # For backward compatibility
         if 'show_accuracy' in kwargs:
             kwargs.pop('show_accuracy')
             warnings.warn('The "show_accuracy" argument is deprecated, '
@@ -639,10 +831,6 @@ class Sequential(Model):
                           'the model at compile time:\n'
                           '`model.compile(optimizer, loss, '
                           'metrics=["accuracy"])`')
-        if 'nb_worker' in kwargs:
-            kwargs.pop('nb_worker')
-            warnings.warn('The "nb_worker" argument is deprecated, '
-                          'please remove it from your code.')
         if 'nb_val_worker' in kwargs:
             kwargs.pop('nb_val_worker')
             warnings.warn('The "nb_val_worker" argument is deprecated, '
@@ -658,9 +846,11 @@ class Sequential(Model):
                                         validation_data=validation_data,
                                         nb_val_samples=nb_val_samples,
                                         class_weight=class_weight,
-                                        max_q_size=max_q_size)
+                                        max_q_size=max_q_size,
+                                        nb_worker=nb_worker,
+                                        pickle_safe=pickle_safe)
 
-    def evaluate_generator(self, generator, val_samples, max_q_size=10, **kwargs):
+    def evaluate_generator(self, generator, val_samples, max_q_size=10, nb_worker=1, pickle_safe=False, **kwargs):
         '''Evaluates the model on a data generator. The generator should
         return the same kind of data as accepted by `test_on_batch`.
 
@@ -672,9 +862,17 @@ class Sequential(Model):
                 total number of samples to generate from `generator`
                 before returning.
             max_q_size: maximum size for the generator queue
+            nb_worker: maximum number of processes to spin up
+            pickle_safe: if True, use process based threading. Note that because
+                this implementation relies on multiprocessing, you should not pass non
+                non picklable arguments to the generator as they can't be passed
+                easily to children processes.
         '''
         if self.model is None:
             raise Exception('The model needs to be compiled before being used.')
+        if nb_worker > 1 and not pickle_safe:
+            warnings.warn('The "nb_worker" argument is deprecated when pickle_safe is False')
+            nb_worker = 1  # For backward compatibility
         if 'show_accuracy' in kwargs:
             kwargs.pop('show_accuracy')
             warnings.warn('The "show_accuracy" argument is deprecated, '
@@ -690,9 +888,11 @@ class Sequential(Model):
                             str(kwargs))
         return self.model.evaluate_generator(generator,
                                              val_samples,
-                                             max_q_size=max_q_size)
+                                             max_q_size=max_q_size,
+                                             nb_worker=nb_worker,
+                                             pickle_safe=pickle_safe)
 
-    def predict_generator(self, generator, val_samples, max_q_size=10):
+    def predict_generator(self, generator, val_samples, max_q_size=10, nb_worker=1, pickle_safe=False):
         '''Generates predictions for the input samples from a data generator.
         The generator should return the same kind of data as accepted by
         `predict_on_batch`.
@@ -702,14 +902,24 @@ class Sequential(Model):
             val_samples: total number of samples to generate from `generator`
                 before returning.
             max_q_size: maximum size for the generator queue
+            nb_worker: maximum number of processes to spin up
+            pickle_safe: if True, use process based threading. Note that because
+                this implementation relies on multiprocessing, you should not pass non
+                non picklable arguments to the generator as they can't be passed
+                easily to children processes.
 
         # Returns
             A Numpy array of predictions.
         '''
         if self.model is None:
             self.build()
+        if nb_worker > 1 and not pickle_safe:
+            warnings.warn('The "nb_worker" argument is deprecated when pickle_safe is False')
+            nb_worker = 1  # For backward compatibility
         return self.model.predict_generator(generator, val_samples,
-                                            max_q_size=max_q_size)
+                                            max_q_size=max_q_size,
+                                            nb_worker=nb_worker,
+                                            pickle_safe=pickle_safe)
 
     def get_config(self):
         '''Returns the model configuration

keras/optimizers.py

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 from __future__ import absolute_import
 from . import backend as K
-import numpy as np
 from .utils.generic_utils import get_from_module
 from six.moves import zip
 
@@ -11,8 +10,24 @@ def clip_norm(g, c, n):
     return g
 
 
-def kl_divergence(p, p_hat):
-    return p_hat - p + p * K.log(p / p_hat)
+def optimizer_from_config(config, custom_objects={}):
+    all_classes = {
+        'sgd': SGD,
+        'rmsprop': RMSprop,
+        'adagrad': Adagrad,
+        'adadelta': Adadelta,
+        'adam': Adam,
+        'adamax': Adamax,
+        'nadam': Nadam,
+    }
+    class_name = config['class_name']
+    if class_name in custom_objects:
+        cls = custom_objects[class_name]
+    else:
+        if class_name.lower() not in all_classes:
+            raise ValueError('Optimizer class not found:', class_name)
+        cls = all_classes[class_name.lower()]
+    return cls.from_config(config['config'])
 
 
 class Optimizer(object):
@@ -72,35 +87,35 @@ class Optimizer(object):
                 output of `get_weights`).
         '''
         params = self.weights
-        if len(params) != len(weights):
-            raise Exception('Provided weight array does not match  weights (' +
-                            str(len(params)) + ' optimizer params vs. ' +
-                            str(len(weights)) + ' provided weights)')
-        for p, w in zip(params, weights):
-            if K.get_value(p).shape != w.shape:
+        weight_value_tuples = []
+        param_values = K.batch_get_value(params)
+        for pv, p, w in zip(param_values, params, weights):
+            if pv.shape != w.shape:
                 raise Exception('Optimizer weight shape ' +
-                                str(K.get_value(p).shape) +
+                                str(pv.shape) +
                                 ' not compatible with '
                                 'provided weight shape ' + str(w.shape))
-            K.set_value(p, w)
+            weight_value_tuples.append((p, w))
+        K.batch_set_value(weight_value_tuples)
 
     def get_weights(self):
         '''Returns the current weights of the optimizer,
         as a list of numpy arrays.
         '''
-        weights = []
-        for p in self.weights:
-            weights.append(K.get_value(p))
-        return weights
+        return K.batch_get_value(self.weights)
 
     def get_config(self):
-        config = {'name': self.__class__.__name__}
+        config = {}
         if hasattr(self, 'clipnorm'):
             config['clipnorm'] = self.clipnorm
         if hasattr(self, 'clipvalue'):
             config['clipvalue'] = self.clipvalue
         return config
 
+    @classmethod
+    def from_config(cls, config):
+        return cls(**config)
+
 
 class SGD(Optimizer):
     '''Stochastic gradient descent, with support for momentum,
@@ -124,13 +139,15 @@ class SGD(Optimizer):
     def get_updates(self, params, constraints, loss):
         grads = self.get_gradients(loss, params)
         lr = self.lr * (1. / (1. + self.decay * self.iterations))
-        self.updates = [(self.iterations, self.iterations + 1.)]
+        self.updates = [K.update_add(self.iterations, 1)]
 
         # momentum
-        self.weights = [K.variable(np.zeros(K.get_value(p).shape)) for p in params]
-        for p, g, m in zip(params, grads, self.weights):
+        shapes = [x.shape for x in K.batch_get_value(params)]
+        moments = [K.zeros(shape) for shape in shapes]
+        self.weights = [self.iterations] + moments
+        for p, g, m in zip(params, grads, moments):
             v = self.momentum * m - lr * g  # velocity
-            self.updates.append((m, v))
+            self.updates.append(K.update(m, v))
 
             if self.nesterov:
                 new_p = p + self.momentum * v - lr * g
@@ -141,7 +158,8 @@ class SGD(Optimizer):
             if p in constraints:
                 c = constraints[p]
                 new_p = c(new_p)
-            self.updates.append((p, new_p))
+
+            self.updates.append(K.update(p, new_p))
         return self.updates
 
     def get_config(self):
@@ -176,21 +194,22 @@ class RMSprop(Optimizer):
 
     def get_updates(self, params, constraints, loss):
         grads = self.get_gradients(loss, params)
-        # accumulators
-        self.weights = [K.variable(np.zeros(K.get_value(p).shape)) for p in params]
+        shapes = [x.shape for x in K.batch_get_value(params)]
+        accumulators = [K.zeros(shape) for shape in shapes]
+        self.weights = accumulators
         self.updates = []
 
-        for p, g, a in zip(params, grads, self.weights):
+        for p, g, a in zip(params, grads, accumulators):
             # update accumulator
             new_a = self.rho * a + (1. - self.rho) * K.square(g)
-            self.updates.append((a, new_a))
+            self.updates.append(K.update(a, new_a))
             new_p = p - self.lr * g / (K.sqrt(new_a) + self.epsilon)
 
             # apply constraints
             if p in constraints:
                 c = constraints[p]
                 new_p = c(new_p)
-            self.updates.append((p, new_p))
+            self.updates.append(K.update(p, new_p))
         return self.updates
 
     def get_config(self):
@@ -218,19 +237,20 @@ class Adagrad(Optimizer):
 
     def get_updates(self, params, constraints, loss):
         grads = self.get_gradients(loss, params)
-        # accumulators
-        self.weights = [K.variable(np.zeros(K.get_value(p).shape)) for p in params]
+        shapes = [x.shape for x in K.batch_get_value(params)]
+        accumulators = [K.zeros(shape) for shape in shapes]
+        self.weights = accumulators
         self.updates = []
 
-        for p, g, a in zip(params, grads, self.weights):
+        for p, g, a in zip(params, grads, accumulators):
             new_a = a + K.square(g)  # update accumulator
-            self.updates.append((a, new_a))
+            self.updates.append(K.update(a, new_a))
             new_p = p - self.lr * g / (K.sqrt(new_a) + self.epsilon)
             # apply constraints
             if p in constraints:
                 c = constraints[p]
                 new_p = c(new_p)
-            self.updates.append((p, new_p))
+            self.updates.append(K.update(p, new_p))
         return self.updates
 
     def get_config(self):
@@ -262,15 +282,16 @@ class Adadelta(Optimizer):
 
     def get_updates(self, params, constraints, loss):
         grads = self.get_gradients(loss, params)
-        accumulators = [K.variable(np.zeros(K.get_value(p).shape)) for p in params]
-        delta_accumulators = [K.variable(np.zeros(K.get_value(p).shape)) for p in params]
+        shapes = [x.shape for x in K.batch_get_value(params)]
+        accumulators = [K.zeros(shape) for shape in shapes]
+        delta_accumulators = [K.zeros(shape) for shape in shapes]
         self.weights = accumulators + delta_accumulators
         self.updates = []
 
         for p, g, a, d_a in zip(params, grads, accumulators, delta_accumulators):
             # update accumulator
             new_a = self.rho * a + (1. - self.rho) * K.square(g)
-            self.updates.append((a, new_a))
+            self.updates.append(K.update(a, new_a))
 
             # use the new accumulator and the *old* delta_accumulator
             update = g * K.sqrt(d_a + self.epsilon) / K.sqrt(new_a + self.epsilon)
@@ -280,11 +301,11 @@ class Adadelta(Optimizer):
             if p in constraints:
                 c = constraints[p]
                 new_p = c(new_p)
-            self.updates.append((p, new_p))
+            self.updates.append(K.update(p, new_p))
 
             # update delta_accumulator
             new_d_a = self.rho * d_a + (1 - self.rho) * K.square(update)
-            self.updates.append((d_a, new_d_a))
+            self.updates.append(K.update(d_a, new_d_a))
         return self.updates
 
     def get_config(self):
@@ -319,29 +340,30 @@ class Adam(Optimizer):
 
     def get_updates(self, params, constraints, loss):
         grads = self.get_gradients(loss, params)
-        self.updates = [(self.iterations, self.iterations + 1)]
+        self.updates = [K.update_add(self.iterations, 1)]
 
         t = self.iterations + 1
         lr_t = self.lr * K.sqrt(1. - K.pow(self.beta_2, t)) / (1. - K.pow(self.beta_1, t))
 
-        ms = [K.variable(np.zeros(K.get_value(p).shape)) for p in params]
-        vs = [K.variable(np.zeros(K.get_value(p).shape)) for p in params]
-        self.weights = ms + vs
+        shapes = [x.shape for x in K.batch_get_value(params)]
+        ms = [K.zeros(shape) for shape in shapes]
+        vs = [K.zeros(shape) for shape in shapes]
+        self.weights = [self.iterations] + ms + vs
 
         for p, g, m, v in zip(params, grads, ms, vs):
             m_t = (self.beta_1 * m) + (1. - self.beta_1) * g
             v_t = (self.beta_2 * v) + (1. - self.beta_2) * K.square(g)
             p_t = p - lr_t * m_t / (K.sqrt(v_t) + self.epsilon)
 
-            self.updates.append((m, m_t))
-            self.updates.append((v, v_t))
+            self.updates.append(K.update(m, m_t))
+            self.updates.append(K.update(v, v_t))
 
             new_p = p_t
             # apply constraints
             if p in constraints:
                 c = constraints[p]
                 new_p = c(new_p)
-            self.updates.append((p, new_p))
+            self.updates.append(K.update(p, new_p))
         return self.updates
 
     def get_config(self):
@@ -378,16 +400,17 @@ class Adamax(Optimizer):
 
     def get_updates(self, params, constraints, loss):
         grads = self.get_gradients(loss, params)
-        self.updates = [(self.iterations, self.iterations + 1)]
+        self.updates = [K.update_add(self.iterations, 1)]
 
         t = self.iterations + 1
         lr_t = self.lr / (1. - K.pow(self.beta_1, t))
 
+        shapes = [x.shape for x in K.batch_get_value(params)]
         # zero init of 1st moment
-        ms = [K.variable(np.zeros(K.get_value(p).shape)) for p in params]
+        ms = [K.zeros(shape) for shape in shapes]
         # zero init of exponentially weighted infinity norm
-        us = [K.variable(np.zeros(K.get_value(p).shape)) for p in params]
-        self.weights = ms + us
+        us = [K.zeros(shape) for shape in shapes]
+        self.weights = [self.iterations] + ms + us
 
         for p, g, m, u in zip(params, grads, ms, us):
 
@@ -395,15 +418,15 @@ class Adamax(Optimizer):
             u_t = K.maximum(self.beta_2 * u, K.abs(g))
             p_t = p - lr_t * m_t / (u_t + self.epsilon)
 
-            self.updates.append((m, m_t))
-            self.updates.append((u, u_t))
+            self.updates.append(K.update(m, m_t))
+            self.updates.append(K.update(u, u_t))
 
             new_p = p_t
             # apply constraints
             if p in constraints:
                 c = constraints[p]
                 new_p = c(new_p)
-            self.updates.append((p, new_p))
+            self.updates.append(K.update(p, new_p))
         return self.updates
 
     def get_config(self):
@@ -430,9 +453,8 @@ class Nadam(Optimizer):
         epsilon: float >= 0. Fuzz factor.
 
     # References
-        [1] Nadam report - http://cs229.stanford.edu/proj2015/054_report.pdf
-        [2] On the importance of initialization and momentum in deep learning -
-            http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~fritz/absps/momentum.pdf
+        - [Nadam report](http://cs229.stanford.edu/proj2015/054_report.pdf)
+        - [On the importance of initialization and momentum in deep learning](http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~fritz/absps/momentum.pdf)
     '''
     def __init__(self, lr=0.002, beta_1=0.9, beta_2=0.999,
                  epsilon=1e-8, schedule_decay=0.004, **kwargs):
@@ -447,7 +469,7 @@ class Nadam(Optimizer):
 
     def get_updates(self, params, constraints, loss):
         grads = self.get_gradients(loss, params)
-        self.updates = [(self.iterations, self.iterations + 1)]
+        self.updates = [K.update_add(self.iterations, 1)]
 
         t = self.iterations + 1
 
@@ -458,10 +480,11 @@ class Nadam(Optimizer):
         m_schedule_next = self.m_schedule * momentum_cache_t * momentum_cache_t_1
         self.updates.append((self.m_schedule, m_schedule_new))
 
-        ms = [K.variable(np.zeros(K.get_value(p).shape)) for p in params]
-        vs = [K.variable(np.zeros(K.get_value(p).shape)) for p in params]
+        shapes = [x.shape for x in K.batch_get_value(params)]
+        ms = [K.zeros(shape) for shape in shapes]
+        vs = [K.zeros(shape) for shape in shapes]
 
-        self.weights = ms + vs
+        self.weights = [self.iterations] + ms + vs
 
         for p, g, m, v in zip(params, grads, ms, vs):
             # the following equations given in [1]
@@ -472,8 +495,8 @@ class Nadam(Optimizer):
             v_t_prime = v_t / (1. - K.pow(self.beta_2, t))
             m_t_bar = (1. - momentum_cache_t) * g_prime + momentum_cache_t_1 * m_t_prime
 
-            self.updates.append((m, m_t))
-            self.updates.append((v, v_t))
+            self.updates.append(K.update(m, m_t))
+            self.updates.append(K.update(v, v_t))
 
             p_t = p - self.lr * m_t_bar / (K.sqrt(v_t_prime) + self.epsilon)
             new_p = p_t
@@ -482,7 +505,7 @@ class Nadam(Optimizer):
             if p in constraints:
                 c = constraints[p]
                 new_p = c(new_p)
-            self.updates.append((p, new_p))
+            self.updates.append(K.update(p, new_p))
         return self.updates
 
     def get_config(self):

keras/preprocessing/image.py

@@ -118,13 +118,17 @@ def flip_axis(x, axis):
     return x
 
 
-def array_to_img(x, dim_ordering=K.image_dim_ordering(), scale=True):
+def array_to_img(x, dim_ordering='default', scale=True):
     from PIL import Image
+    if dim_ordering == 'default':
+        dim_ordering = K.image_dim_ordering()
     if dim_ordering == 'th':
         x = x.transpose(1, 2, 0)
     if scale:
         x += max(-np.min(x), 0)
-        x /= np.max(x)
+        x_max = np.max(x)
+        if x_max != 0:
+            x /= x_max
         x *= 255
     if x.shape[2] == 3:
         # RGB
@@ -136,7 +140,9 @@ def array_to_img(x, dim_ordering=K.image_dim_ordering(), scale=True):
         raise Exception('Unsupported channel number: ', x.shape[2])
 
 
-def img_to_array(img, dim_ordering=K.image_dim_ordering()):
+def img_to_array(img, dim_ordering='default'):
+    if dim_ordering == 'default':
+        dim_ordering = K.image_dim_ordering()
     if dim_ordering not in ['th', 'tf']:
         raise Exception('Unknown dim_ordering: ', dim_ordering)
     # image has dim_ordering (height, width, channel)
@@ -162,7 +168,7 @@ def load_img(path, grayscale=False, target_size=None):
     else:  # Ensure 3 channel even when loaded image is grayscale
         img = img.convert('RGB')
     if target_size:
-        img = img.resize(target_size)
+        img = img.resize((target_size[1], target_size[0]))
     return img
 
 
@@ -222,7 +228,9 @@ class ImageDataGenerator(object):
                  horizontal_flip=False,
                  vertical_flip=False,
                  rescale=None,
-                 dim_ordering=K.image_dim_ordering()):
+                 dim_ordering='default'):
+        if dim_ordering == 'default':
+            dim_ordering = K.image_dim_ordering()
         self.__dict__.update(locals())
         self.mean = None
         self.std = None
@@ -446,12 +454,14 @@ class NumpyArrayIterator(Iterator):
 
     def __init__(self, X, y, image_data_generator,
                  batch_size=32, shuffle=False, seed=None,
-                 dim_ordering=K.image_dim_ordering(),
+                 dim_ordering='default',
                  save_to_dir=None, save_prefix='', save_format='jpeg'):
         if y is not None and len(X) != len(y):
             raise Exception('X (images tensor) and y (labels) '
                             'should have the same length. '
                             'Found: X.shape = %s, y.shape = %s' % (np.asarray(X).shape, np.asarray(y).shape))
+        if dim_ordering == 'default':
+            dim_ordering = K.image_dim_ordering()
         self.X = X
         self.y = y
         self.image_data_generator = image_data_generator
@@ -493,10 +503,12 @@ class DirectoryIterator(Iterator):
 
     def __init__(self, directory, image_data_generator,
                  target_size=(256, 256), color_mode='rgb',
-                 dim_ordering=K.image_dim_ordering,
+                 dim_ordering='default',
                  classes=None, class_mode='categorical',
                  batch_size=32, shuffle=True, seed=None,
                  save_to_dir=None, save_prefix='', save_format='jpeg'):
+        if dim_ordering == 'default':
+            dim_ordering = K.image_dim_ordering()
         self.directory = directory
         self.image_data_generator = image_data_generator
         self.target_size = tuple(target_size)

keras/preprocessing/text.py

@@ -99,6 +99,7 @@ class Tokenizer(object):
         wcounts = list(self.word_counts.items())
         wcounts.sort(key=lambda x: x[1], reverse=True)
         sorted_voc = [wc[0] for wc in wcounts]
+        # note that index 0 is reserved, never assigned to an existing word
         self.word_index = dict(list(zip(sorted_voc, list(range(1, len(sorted_voc) + 1)))))
 
         self.index_docs = {}

keras/regularizers.py

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from __future__ import absolute_import
-import numpy as np
 from . import backend as K
 
 
@@ -18,11 +17,11 @@ class Regularizer(object):
 
 
 class EigenvalueRegularizer(Regularizer):
-    '''This takes a constant that controls the 
-    regularization by Eigenvalue Decay on the 
-    current layer and outputs the regularized 
-    loss (evaluated on the training data) and 
-    the original loss (evaluated on the 
+    '''This takes a constant that controls
+    the regularization by Eigenvalue Decay on the
+    current layer and outputs the regularized
+    loss (evaluated on the training data) and
+    the original loss (evaluated on the
     validation data).
     '''
     def __init__(self, k):
@@ -41,19 +40,18 @@ class EigenvalueRegularizer(Regularizer):
                             'and embedding layers.')
         WW = K.dot(K.transpose(W), W)
         dim1, dim2 = K.eval(K.shape(WW))  # number of neurons in the layer
-        k = self.k
-        
+
         # power method for approximating the dominant eigenvector:
         o = K.ones([dim1, 1])  # initial values for the dominant eigenvector
-        domin_eigenvect = K.dot(WW, o)
+        main_eigenvect = K.dot(WW, o)
         for n in range(power - 1):
-            domin_eigenvect = K.dot(WW, domin_eigenvect)    
-        
-        WWd = K.dot(WW, domin_eigenvect)
-        
+            main_eigenvect = K.dot(WW, main_eigenvect)
+
+        WWd = K.dot(WW, main_eigenvect)
+
         # the corresponding dominant eigenvalue:
-        domin_eigenval = K.dot(K.transpose(WWd), domin_eigenvect) / K.dot(K.transpose(domin_eigenvect), domin_eigenvect)
-        regularized_loss = loss + (domin_eigenval ** 0.5) * self.k  # multiplied by the given regularization gain
+        main_eigenval = K.dot(K.transpose(WWd), main_eigenvect) / K.dot(K.transpose(main_eigenvect), main_eigenvect)
+        regularized_loss = loss + (main_eigenval ** 0.5) * self.k  # multiplied by the given regularization gain
 
         return K.in_train_phase(regularized_loss[0, 0], loss)
 
@@ -77,8 +75,11 @@ class WeightRegularizer(Regularizer):
                             'ActivityRegularizer '
                             '(i.e. activity_regularizer="l2" instead '
                             'of activity_regularizer="activity_l2".')
-        regularized_loss = loss + K.sum(K.abs(self.p)) * self.l1
-        regularized_loss += K.sum(K.square(self.p)) * self.l2
+        regularized_loss = loss
+        if self.l1:
+            regularized_loss += K.sum(self.l1 * K.abs(self.p))
+        if self.l2:
+            regularized_loss += K.sum(self.l2 * K.square(self.p))
         return K.in_train_phase(regularized_loss, loss)
 
     def get_config(self):
@@ -104,8 +105,10 @@ class ActivityRegularizer(Regularizer):
         regularized_loss = loss
         for i in range(len(self.layer.inbound_nodes)):
             output = self.layer.get_output_at(i)
-            regularized_loss += self.l1 * K.sum(K.mean(K.abs(output), axis=0))
-            regularized_loss += self.l2 * K.sum(K.mean(K.square(output), axis=0))
+            if self.l1:
+                regularized_loss += K.sum(self.l1 * K.abs(output))
+            if self.l2:
+                regularized_loss += K.sum(self.l2 * K.square(output))
         return K.in_train_phase(regularized_loss, loss)
 
     def get_config(self):

keras/utils/data_utils.py

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import tarfile
 import os
 import sys
 import shutil
+import hashlib
 from six.moves.urllib.request import urlopen
 from six.moves.urllib.error import URLError, HTTPError
 
@@ -36,11 +37,12 @@ else:
     from six.moves.urllib.request import urlretrieve
 
 
-def get_file(fname, origin, untar=False):
+def get_file(fname, origin, untar=False,
+             md5_hash=None, cache_subdir='datasets'):
     datadir_base = os.path.expanduser(os.path.join('~', '.keras'))
     if not os.access(datadir_base, os.W_OK):
         datadir_base = os.path.join('/tmp', '.keras')
-    datadir = os.path.join(datadir_base, 'datasets')
+    datadir = os.path.join(datadir_base, cache_subdir)
     if not os.path.exists(datadir):
         os.makedirs(datadir)
 
@@ -50,7 +52,18 @@ def get_file(fname, origin, untar=False):
     else:
         fpath = os.path.join(datadir, fname)
 
-    if not os.path.exists(fpath):
+    download = False
+    if os.path.exists(fpath):
+        # file found; verify integrity if a hash was provided
+        if md5_hash is not None:
+            if not validate_file(fpath, md5_hash):
+                print('A local file was found, but it seems to be '
+                      'incomplete or outdated.')
+                download = True
+    else:
+        download = True
+
+    if download:
         print('Downloading data from',  origin)
         global progbar
         progbar = None
@@ -93,3 +106,14 @@ def get_file(fname, origin, untar=False):
         return untar_fpath
 
     return fpath
+
+
+def validate_file(fpath, md5_hash):
+    hasher = hashlib.md5()
+    with open(fpath, 'rb') as f:
+        buf = f.read()
+        hasher.update(buf)
+    if str(hasher.hexdigest()) == str(md5_hash):
+        return True
+    else:
+        return False

keras/utils/io_utils.py

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 from __future__ import absolute_import
+from __future__ import print_function
 import h5py
 import numpy as np
+import sys
 from collections import defaultdict
 
 
@@ -69,3 +71,17 @@ def load_array(name):
     a[:] = array[:]
     f.close()
     return a
+
+
+def ask_to_proceed_with_overwrite(filepath):
+    get_input = input
+    if sys.version_info[:2] <= (2, 7):
+        get_input = raw_input
+    overwrite = get_input('[WARNING] %s already exists - overwrite? '
+                          '[y/n]' % (filepath))
+    while overwrite not in ['y', 'n']:
+        overwrite = get_input('Enter "y" (overwrite) or "n" (cancel).')
+    if overwrite == 'n':
+        return False
+    print('[TIP] Next time specify overwrite=True!')
+    return True

keras/utils/layer_utils.py

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 from __future__ import print_function
 
 from .generic_utils import get_from_module
+from .np_utils import convert_kernel
 from ..layers import *
 from ..models import Model, Sequential, Graph
 from .. import backend as K
@@ -97,3 +98,22 @@ def print_summary(layers, relevant_nodes=None, line_length=100, positions=[.33,
 
     print('Total params: %s' % total_params)
     print('_' * line_length)
+
+
+def convert_all_kernels_in_model(model):
+    # Note: SeparableConvolution not included
+    # since only supported by TF.
+    conv_classes = {
+        'Convolution1D',
+        'Convolution2D',
+        'Convolution3D',
+        'AtrousConvolution2D',
+        'Deconvolution2D',
+    }
+    to_assign = []
+    for layer in model.layers:
+        if layer.__class__.__name__ in conv_classes:
+            original_w = K.get_value(layer.W)
+            converted_w = convert_kernel(original_w)
+            to_assign.append((layer.W, converted_w))
+    K.batch_set_value(to_assign)

keras/utils/np_utils.py

@@ -59,18 +59,75 @@ def convert_kernel(kernel, dim_ordering='th'):
     is its own inverse).
     '''
     new_kernel = np.copy(kernel)
-    if dim_ordering == 'th':
-        w = kernel.shape[2]
-        h = kernel.shape[3]
-        for i in range(w):
-            for j in range(h):
-                new_kernel[:, :, i, j] = kernel[:, :, w - i - 1, h - j - 1]
-    elif dim_ordering == 'tf':
-        w = kernel.shape[0]
-        h = kernel.shape[1]
-        for i in range(w):
-            for j in range(h):
-                new_kernel[i, j, :, :] = kernel[w - i - 1, h - j - 1, :, :]
+    if kernel.ndim == 4:
+        # conv 2d
+        # TH kernel shape: (depth, input_depth, rows, cols)
+        # TF kernel shape: (rows, cols, input_depth, depth)
+        if dim_ordering == 'th':
+            w = kernel.shape[2]
+            h = kernel.shape[3]
+            for i in range(w):
+                for j in range(h):
+                    new_kernel[:, :, i, j] = kernel[:, :, w - i - 1, h - j - 1]
+        elif dim_ordering == 'tf':
+            w = kernel.shape[0]
+            h = kernel.shape[1]
+            for i in range(w):
+                for j in range(h):
+                    new_kernel[i, j, :, :] = kernel[w - i - 1, h - j - 1, :, :]
+        else:
+            raise Exception('Invalid dim_ordering: ' + str(dim_ordering))
+    elif kernel.ndim == 5:
+        # conv 3d
+        # TH kernel shape: (out_depth, input_depth, kernel_dim1, kernel_dim2, kernel_dim3)
+        # TF kernel shape: (kernel_dim1, kernel_dim2, kernel_dim3, input_depth, out_depth)
+        if dim_ordering == 'th':
+            w = kernel.shape[2]
+            h = kernel.shape[3]
+            z = kernel.shape[4]
+            for i in range(w):
+                for j in range(h):
+                    for k in range(z):
+                        new_kernel[:, :, i, j, k] = kernel[:, :,
+                                                           w - i - 1,
+                                                           h - j - 1,
+                                                           z - k - 1]
+        elif dim_ordering == 'tf':
+            w = kernel.shape[0]
+            h = kernel.shape[1]
+            z = kernel.shape[2]
+            for i in range(w):
+                for j in range(h):
+                    for k in range(z):
+                        new_kernel[i, j, k, :, :] = kernel[w - i - 1,
+                                                           h - j - 1,
+                                                           z - k - 1,
+                                                           :, :]
+        else:
+            raise Exception('Invalid dim_ordering: ' + str(dim_ordering))
     else:
-        raise Exception('Invalid dim_ordering: ' + str(dim_ordering))
+        raise ValueError('Invalid kernel shape:', kernel.shape)
     return new_kernel
+
+
+def conv_output_length(input_length, filter_size, border_mode, stride, dilation=1):
+    if input_length is None:
+        return None
+    assert border_mode in {'same', 'valid'}
+    dilated_filter_size = filter_size + (filter_size - 1) * (dilation - 1)
+    if border_mode == 'same':
+        output_length = input_length
+    elif border_mode == 'valid':
+        output_length = input_length - dilated_filter_size + 1
+    return (output_length + stride - 1) // stride
+
+
+def conv_input_length(output_length, filter_size, border_mode, stride):
+    if output_length is None:
+        return None
+    assert border_mode in {'same', 'valid'}
+    if border_mode == 'same':
+        pad = filter_size // 2
+    elif border_mode == 'valid':
+        pad = 0
+    return (output_length - 1) * stride - 2 * pad + filter_size

keras/utils/test_utils.py

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import numpy as np
 from numpy.testing import assert_allclose
 import inspect
+import functools
 
 from ..engine import Model, Input
 from ..models import Sequential, model_from_json
@@ -35,7 +36,8 @@ def get_test_data(nb_train=1000, nb_test=500, input_shape=(10,),
 
 
 def layer_test(layer_cls, kwargs={}, input_shape=None, input_dtype=None,
-               input_data=None, expected_output=None, expected_output_dtype=None):
+               input_data=None, expected_output=None,
+               expected_output_dtype=None, fixed_batch_size=False):
     '''Test routine for a layer with a single input tensor
     and single output tensor.
     '''
@@ -63,7 +65,10 @@ def layer_test(layer_cls, kwargs={}, input_shape=None, input_dtype=None,
         layer = layer_cls(**kwargs)
 
     # test in functional API
-    x = Input(shape=input_shape[1:], dtype=input_dtype)
+    if fixed_batch_size:
+        x = Input(batch_shape=input_shape, dtype=input_dtype)
+    else:
+        x = Input(shape=input_shape[1:], dtype=input_dtype)
     y = layer(x)
     assert K.dtype(y) == expected_output_dtype
 
@@ -102,3 +107,15 @@ def layer_test(layer_cls, kwargs={}, input_shape=None, input_dtype=None,
 
     # for further checks in the caller function
     return actual_output
+
+
+def keras_test(func):
+    '''Clean up after tensorflow tests.
+    '''
+    @functools.wraps(func)
+    def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
+        output = func(*args, **kwargs)
+        if K._BACKEND == 'tensorflow':
+            K.clear_session()
+        return output
+    return wrapper

setup.py

@@ -3,12 +3,12 @@ from setuptools import find_packages
 
 
 setup(name='Keras',
-      version='1.0.5',
+      version='1.0.7',
       description='Deep Learning for Python',
       author='Francois Chollet',
       author_email='francois.chollet@gmail.com',
       url='https://github.com/fchollet/keras',
-      download_url='https://github.com/fchollet/keras/tarball/1.0.5',
+      download_url='https://github.com/fchollet/keras/tarball/1.0.7',
       license='MIT',
       install_requires=['theano', 'pyyaml', 'six'],
       extras_require={

tests/integration_tests/test_image_data_tasks.py

@@ -2,13 +2,14 @@ from __future__ import print_function
 import numpy as np
 import pytest
 
-from keras.utils.test_utils import get_test_data
+from keras.utils.test_utils import get_test_data, keras_test
 from keras.models import Sequential
 from keras.layers.core import Dense, Flatten, Activation
 from keras.layers.convolutional import Convolution2D, MaxPooling2D
 from keras.utils.np_utils import to_categorical
 
 
+@keras_test
 def test_image_classification():
     '''
     Classify random 16x16 color images into several classes using logistic regression

tests/integration_tests/test_temporal_data_tasks.py

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import numpy as np
 import pytest
 import string
 
-from keras.utils.test_utils import get_test_data
+from keras.utils.test_utils import get_test_data, keras_test
 from keras.utils.np_utils import to_categorical
 from keras.models import Sequential
 from keras.layers import TimeDistributedDense
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ from keras.layers import LSTM
 from keras.layers import Embedding
 
 
+@keras_test
 def test_temporal_classification():
     '''
     Classify temporal sequences of float numbers
@@ -43,6 +44,7 @@ def test_temporal_classification():
     assert(history.history['val_acc'][-1] >= 0.85)
 
 
+@keras_test
 def test_temporal_regression():
     '''
     Predict float numbers (regression) based on sequences
@@ -63,6 +65,7 @@ def test_temporal_regression():
     assert(history.history['val_loss'][-1] < 0.75)
 
 
+@keras_test
 def test_sequence_to_sequence():
     '''
     Apply a same Dense layer for each element of time dimension of the input
@@ -86,6 +89,7 @@ def test_sequence_to_sequence():
     assert(history.history['val_loss'][-1] < 0.8)
 
 
+@keras_test
 def test_stacked_lstm_char_prediction():
     '''
     Learn alphabetical char sequence with stacked LSTM.
@@ -135,6 +139,7 @@ def test_stacked_lstm_char_prediction():
     assert(generated == alphabet)
 
 
+@keras_test
 def test_masked_temporal():
     '''
     Confirm that even with masking on both inputs and outputs, cross-entropies are
@@ -182,5 +187,4 @@ def test_masked_temporal():
     assert(np.abs(history.history['val_loss'][-1] - ground_truth) < 0.06)
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
-    # pytest.main([__file__])
-    test_temporal_classification()
+    pytest.main([__file__])

tests/integration_tests/test_vector_data_tasks.py

@@ -2,12 +2,13 @@ from __future__ import print_function
 import numpy as np
 import pytest
 
-from keras.utils.test_utils import get_test_data
+from keras.utils.test_utils import get_test_data, keras_test
 from keras.models import Sequential
 from keras.layers.core import Dense
 from keras.utils.np_utils import to_categorical
 
 
+@keras_test
 def test_vector_classification():
     '''
     Classify random float vectors into 2 classes with logistic regression
@@ -37,6 +38,7 @@ def test_vector_classification():
     assert(history.history['val_acc'][-1] > 0.8)
 
 
+@keras_test
 def test_vector_regression():
     '''
     Perform float data prediction (regression) using 2 layer MLP

tests/keras/backend/test_backends.py

@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@ def check_two_tensor_operation(function_name, x_input_shape,
     assert zth.shape == ztf.shape
     assert_allclose(zth, ztf, atol=1e-05)
 
+
 def check_composed_tensor_operations(first_function_name, first_function_args,
                                      second_function_name, second_function_args,
                                      input_shape):
@@ -57,7 +58,8 @@ def check_composed_tensor_operations(first_function_name, first_function_args,
     ztf = KTF.eval(getattr(KTF, second_function_name)(ytf, **second_function_args))
 
     assert zth.shape == ztf.shape
-    assert_allclose(zth, ztf, atol=1e-05)   
+    assert_allclose(zth, ztf, atol=1e-05)
+
 
 class TestBackend(object):
 
@@ -90,8 +92,8 @@ class TestBackend(object):
         check_single_tensor_operation('expand_dims', (4, 3), dim=-1)
         check_single_tensor_operation('expand_dims', (4, 3, 2), dim=1)
         check_single_tensor_operation('squeeze', (4, 3, 1), axis=2)
-        check_composed_tensor_operations('reshape', {'shape':(4,3,1,1)}, 
-                                         'squeeze', {'axis':2}, 
+        check_composed_tensor_operations('reshape', {'shape':(4,3,1,1)},
+                                         'squeeze', {'axis':2},
                                          (4, 3, 1, 1))
 
     def test_repeat_elements(self):
@@ -149,6 +151,12 @@ class TestBackend(object):
         # count_params
         assert KTH.count_params(xth) == KTF.count_params(xtf)
 
+        # print_tensor
+        check_single_tensor_operation('print_tensor', ())
+        check_single_tensor_operation('print_tensor', (2,))
+        check_single_tensor_operation('print_tensor', (4, 3))
+        check_single_tensor_operation('print_tensor', (1, 2, 3))
+
     def test_elementwise_operations(self):
         check_single_tensor_operation('max', (4, 2))
         check_single_tensor_operation('max', (4, 2), axis=1, keepdims=True)
@@ -196,6 +204,11 @@ class TestBackend(object):
 
         # two-tensor ops
         check_two_tensor_operation('equal', (4, 2), (4, 2))
+        check_two_tensor_operation('not_equal', (4, 2), (4, 2))
+        check_two_tensor_operation('greater', (4, 2), (4, 2))
+        check_two_tensor_operation('greater_equal', (4, 2), (4, 2))
+        check_two_tensor_operation('lesser', (4, 2), (4, 2))
+        check_two_tensor_operation('lesser_equal', (4, 2), (4, 2))
         check_two_tensor_operation('maximum', (4, 2), (4, 2))
         check_two_tensor_operation('minimum', (4, 2), (4, 2))
 
@@ -208,14 +221,24 @@ class TestBackend(object):
         exptf = xtf * KTF.exp(xtf)
         lossth = KTH.sum(expth)
         losstf = KTF.sum(exptf)
+        zero_lossth = KTH.stop_gradient(lossth)
+        zero_losstf = KTF.stop_gradient(losstf)
 
         gradth = KTH.gradients(lossth, [expth])
         gradtf = KTF.gradients(losstf, [exptf])
+        zero_gradth = KTH.gradients(lossth + zero_lossth, [expth])
+        zero_gradtf = KTF.gradients(losstf + zero_losstf, [exptf])
 
         zth = KTH.eval(gradth[0])
         ztf = KTF.eval(gradtf[0])
+        zero_zth = KTH.eval(zero_gradth[0])
+        zero_ztf = KTF.eval(zero_gradtf[0])
         assert zth.shape == ztf.shape
+        assert zero_zth.shape == zero_ztf.shape
         assert_allclose(zth, ztf, atol=1e-05)
+        assert_allclose(zero_zth, zero_ztf, atol=1e-05)
+        assert_allclose(zero_zth, zth, atol=1e-05)
+        assert_allclose(zero_ztf, ztf, atol=1e-05)
 
     def test_function(self):
         val = np.random.random((4, 2))
@@ -450,6 +473,51 @@ class TestBackend(object):
         assert zth.shape == ztf.shape
         assert_allclose(zth, ztf, atol=1e-05)
 
+    def test_conv3d(self):
+        # TH input shape: (samples, input_depth, conv_dim1, conv_dim2, conv_dim3)
+        # TF input shape: (samples, conv_dim1, conv_dim2, conv_dim3, input_depth)
+        # TH kernel shape: (depth, input_depth, x, y, z)
+        # TF kernel shape: (x, y, z, input_depth, depth)
+
+        # test in dim_ordering = th
+        for input_shape in [(2, 3, 4, 5, 4), (2, 3, 5, 4, 6)]:
+            for kernel_shape in [(4, 3, 2, 2, 2), (4, 3, 3, 2, 4)]:
+                xval = np.random.random(input_shape)
+
+                xth = KTH.variable(xval)
+                xtf = KTF.variable(xval)
+
+                kernel_val = np.random.random(kernel_shape) - 0.5
+
+                kernel_th = KTH.variable(convert_kernel(kernel_val))
+                kernel_tf = KTF.variable(kernel_val)
+
+                zth = KTH.eval(KTH.conv3d(xth, kernel_th))
+                ztf = KTF.eval(KTF.conv3d(xtf, kernel_tf))
+
+                assert zth.shape == ztf.shape
+                assert_allclose(zth, ztf, atol=1e-05)
+
+        # test in dim_ordering = tf
+        input_shape = (1, 2, 2, 2, 1)
+        kernel_shape = (2, 2, 2, 1, 1)
+
+        xval = np.random.random(input_shape)
+
+        xth = KTH.variable(xval)
+        xtf = KTF.variable(xval)
+
+        kernel_val = np.random.random(kernel_shape) - 0.5
+
+        kernel_th = KTH.variable(convert_kernel(kernel_val, dim_ordering='tf'))
+        kernel_tf = KTF.variable(kernel_val)
+
+        zth = KTH.eval(KTH.conv3d(xth, kernel_th, dim_ordering='tf'))
+        ztf = KTF.eval(KTF.conv3d(xtf, kernel_tf, dim_ordering='tf'))
+
+        assert zth.shape == ztf.shape
+        assert_allclose(zth, ztf, atol=1e-05)
+
     def test_pool2d(self):
         check_single_tensor_operation('pool2d', (5, 3, 10, 12), pool_size=(2, 2),
                                       strides=(1, 1), border_mode='valid')
@@ -460,6 +528,16 @@ class TestBackend(object):
         check_single_tensor_operation('pool2d', (5, 3, 9, 11), pool_size=(2, 3),
                                       strides=(1, 1), border_mode='valid')
 
+    def test_pool3d(self):
+        check_single_tensor_operation('pool3d', (5, 3, 10, 12, 5), pool_size=(2, 2, 2),
+                                      strides=(1, 1, 1), border_mode='valid')
+
+        check_single_tensor_operation('pool3d', (5, 3, 9, 11, 5), pool_size=(2, 2, 2),
+                                      strides=(1, 1, 1), border_mode='valid')
+
+        check_single_tensor_operation('pool3d', (5, 3, 9, 11, 5), pool_size=(2, 3, 2),
+                                      strides=(1, 1, 1), border_mode='valid')
+
     def test_random_normal(self):
         mean = 0.
         std = 1.
@@ -502,6 +580,16 @@ class TestBackend(object):
         assert(np.max(rand) == 1)
         assert(np.min(rand) == 0)
 
+    def test_one_hot(self):
+        input_length = 10
+        nb_classes = 20
+        batch_size = 30
+        indices = np.random.randint(0, nb_classes, size=(batch_size, input_length))
+        oh = np.eye(nb_classes)[indices]
+        for K in [KTH, KTF]:
+            koh = K.eval(K.one_hot(K.variable(indices, dtype='int32'), nb_classes))
+            assert np.all(koh == oh)
+
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     pytest.main([__file__])

tests/keras/datasets/test_datasets.py

@@ -1,26 +1,44 @@
 from __future__ import print_function
 import pytest
+import time
+import random
 from keras.datasets import cifar10, cifar100, reuters, imdb, mnist
 
 
 def test_cifar():
-    (X_train, y_train), (X_test, y_test) = cifar10.load_data()
-    (X_train, y_train), (X_test, y_test) = cifar100.load_data('fine')
-    (X_train, y_train), (X_test, y_test) = cifar100.load_data('coarse')
+    # only run data download tests 20% of the time
+    # to speed up frequent testing
+    random.seed(time.time())
+    if random.random() > 0.8:
+        (X_train, y_train), (X_test, y_test) = cifar10.load_data()
+        (X_train, y_train), (X_test, y_test) = cifar100.load_data('fine')
+        (X_train, y_train), (X_test, y_test) = cifar100.load_data('coarse')
 
 
 def test_reuters():
-    (X_train, y_train), (X_test, y_test) = reuters.load_data()
-    (X_train, y_train), (X_test, y_test) = reuters.load_data(maxlen=10)
+    # only run data download tests 20% of the time
+    # to speed up frequent testing
+    random.seed(time.time())
+    if random.random() > 0.8:
+        (X_train, y_train), (X_test, y_test) = reuters.load_data()
+        (X_train, y_train), (X_test, y_test) = reuters.load_data(maxlen=10)
 
 
 def test_mnist():
-    (X_train, y_train), (X_test, y_test) = mnist.load_data()
+    # only run data download tests 20% of the time
+    # to speed up frequent testing
+    random.seed(time.time())
+    if random.random() > 0.8:
+        (X_train, y_train), (X_test, y_test) = mnist.load_data()
 
 
 def test_imdb():
-    (X_train, y_train), (X_test, y_test) = imdb.load_data()
-    (X_train, y_train), (X_test, y_test) = imdb.load_data(maxlen=40)
+    # only run data download tests 20% of the time
+    # to speed up frequent testing
+    random.seed(time.time())
+    if random.random() > 0.8:
+        (X_train, y_train), (X_test, y_test) = imdb.load_data()
+        (X_train, y_train), (X_test, y_test) = imdb.load_data(maxlen=40)
 
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':

tests/keras/engine/test_topology.py

@@ -2,13 +2,15 @@ import pytest
 import json
 import numpy as np
 
-from keras.layers import Dense, Dropout
+from keras.layers import Dense, Dropout, InputLayer
 from keras.engine import merge, Input, get_source_inputs
 from keras.models import Model
 from keras import backend as K
 from keras.models import model_from_json, model_from_yaml
+from keras.utils.test_utils import keras_test
 
 
+@keras_test
 def test_learning_phase():
     a = Input(shape=(32,), name='input_a')
     b = Input(shape=(32,), name='input_b')
@@ -50,6 +52,7 @@ def test_learning_phase():
     assert fn_outputs_no_dp[1].sum() != fn_outputs_dp[1].sum()
 
 
+@keras_test
 def test_node_construction():
     ####################################################
     # test basics
@@ -128,6 +131,7 @@ def test_node_construction():
     assert dense.get_output_mask_at(1) is None
 
 
+@keras_test
 def test_multi_input_layer():
     ####################################################
     # test multi-input layer
@@ -209,6 +213,7 @@ def test_multi_input_layer():
     assert [x.shape for x in fn_outputs] == [(10, 64), (10, 5)]
 
 
+@keras_test
 def test_recursion():
     ####################################################
     # test recursion
@@ -392,7 +397,15 @@ def test_recursion():
         # test merge
         o_tf = merge([j_tf, k_tf], mode='concat', concat_axis=1)
 
+        # test tensor input
+        x = tf.placeholder(shape=(None, 2), dtype=K.floatx())
+        input_layer = InputLayer(input_tensor=x)
 
+        x = Input(tensor=x)
+        y = Dense(2)(x)
+
+
+@keras_test
 def test_functional_guide():
     # MNIST
     from keras.layers import Input, Dense, LSTM
@@ -485,6 +498,7 @@ def test_functional_guide():
     assert shared_lstm.input_shape == (None, 4, 25)
 
 
+@keras_test
 def test_sequential_regression():
     from keras.models import Sequential, Model
     from keras.layers import Merge, Embedding, BatchNormalization, LSTM, InputLayer, Input

tests/keras/engine/test_training.py

@@ -7,8 +7,10 @@ from keras.engine.topology import merge, Input
 from keras.engine.training import Model
 from keras.models import Sequential, Graph
 from keras import backend as K
+from keras.utils.test_utils import keras_test
 
 
+@keras_test
 def test_model_methods():
     a = Input(shape=(3,), name='input_a')
     b = Input(shape=(3,), name='input_b')
@@ -167,6 +169,7 @@ def test_model_methods():
     out = model.predict([input_a_np, input_b_np], batch_size=4)
 
 
+@keras_test
 def test_trainable_argument():
     x = np.random.random((5, 3))
     y = np.random.random((5, 2))

tests/keras/layers/test_advanced_activations.py

@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 import pytest
-from keras.utils.test_utils import layer_test
+from keras.utils.test_utils import layer_test, keras_test
 
 
+@keras_test
 def test_leaky_relu():
     from keras.layers.advanced_activations import LeakyReLU
     for alpha in [0., .5, -1.]:
@@ -9,12 +10,14 @@ def test_leaky_relu():
                    input_shape=(2, 3, 4))
 
 
+@keras_test
 def test_prelu():
     from keras.layers.advanced_activations import PReLU
     layer_test(PReLU, kwargs={},
                input_shape=(2, 3, 4))
 
 
+@keras_test
 def test_elu():
     from keras.layers.advanced_activations import ELU
     for alpha in [0., .5, -1.]:
@@ -22,6 +25,7 @@ def test_elu():
                    input_shape=(2, 3, 4))
 
 
+@keras_test
 def test_parametric_softplus():
     from keras.layers.advanced_activations import ParametricSoftplus
     for alpha in [0., .5, -1.]:
@@ -31,12 +35,14 @@ def test_parametric_softplus():
                    input_shape=(2, 3, 4))
 
 
+@keras_test
 def test_thresholded_relu():
     from keras.layers.advanced_activations import ThresholdedReLU
     layer_test(ThresholdedReLU, kwargs={'theta': 0.5},
                input_shape=(2, 3, 4))
 
 
+@keras_test
 def test_srelu():
     from keras.layers.advanced_activations import SReLU
     layer_test(SReLU, kwargs={},

tests/keras/layers/test_convolutional.py

@@ -2,17 +2,19 @@ import pytest
 import numpy as np
 from numpy.testing import assert_allclose
 
-from keras.utils.test_utils import layer_test
+from keras.utils.test_utils import layer_test, keras_test
+from keras.utils.np_utils import conv_input_length
 from keras import backend as K
 from keras.layers import convolutional
 
 
+@keras_test
 def test_convolution_1d():
     nb_samples = 2
     nb_steps = 8
-    input_dim = 5
+    input_dim = 2
     filter_length = 3
-    nb_filter = 4
+    nb_filter = 3
 
     for border_mode in ['valid', 'same']:
         for subsample_length in [1]:
@@ -36,6 +38,7 @@ def test_convolution_1d():
                        input_shape=(nb_samples, nb_steps, input_dim))
 
 
+@keras_test
 def test_maxpooling_1d():
     for stride in [1, 2]:
         layer_test(convolutional.MaxPooling1D,
@@ -44,6 +47,7 @@ def test_maxpooling_1d():
                    input_shape=(3, 5, 4))
 
 
+@keras_test
 def test_averagepooling_1d():
     for stride in [1, 2]:
         layer_test(convolutional.AveragePooling1D,
@@ -52,10 +56,11 @@ def test_averagepooling_1d():
                    input_shape=(3, 5, 4))
 
 
+@keras_test
 def test_convolution_2d():
-    nb_samples = 8
-    nb_filter = 3
-    stack_size = 4
+    nb_samples = 2
+    nb_filter = 2
+    stack_size = 3
     nb_row = 10
     nb_col = 6
 
@@ -84,6 +89,124 @@ def test_convolution_2d():
                        input_shape=(nb_samples, stack_size, nb_row, nb_col))
 
 
+@keras_test
+def test_deconvolution_2d():
+    nb_samples = 2
+    nb_filter = 2
+    stack_size = 3
+    nb_row = 10
+    nb_col = 6
+
+    for border_mode in ['valid', 'same']:
+        for subsample in [(1, 1), (2, 2)]:
+            if border_mode == 'same' and subsample != (1, 1):
+                continue
+
+            rows = conv_input_length(nb_row, 3, border_mode, subsample[0])
+            cols = conv_input_length(nb_col, 3, border_mode, subsample[1])
+            layer_test(convolutional.Deconvolution2D,
+                       kwargs={'nb_filter': nb_filter,
+                               'nb_row': 3,
+                               'nb_col': 3,
+                               'output_shape': (nb_samples, nb_filter, rows, cols),
+                               'border_mode': border_mode,
+                               'subsample': subsample},
+                       input_shape=(nb_samples, stack_size, nb_row, nb_col),
+                       fixed_batch_size=True)
+
+            layer_test(convolutional.Deconvolution2D,
+                       kwargs={'nb_filter': nb_filter,
+                               'nb_row': 3,
+                               'nb_col': 3,
+                               'output_shape': (nb_samples, nb_filter, rows, cols),
+                               'border_mode': border_mode,
+                               'W_regularizer': 'l2',
+                               'b_regularizer': 'l2',
+                               'activity_regularizer': 'activity_l2',
+                               'subsample': subsample},
+                       input_shape=(nb_samples, stack_size, nb_row, nb_col),
+                       fixed_batch_size=True)
+
+
+@keras_test
+def test_atrous_conv_2d():
+    nb_samples = 2
+    nb_filter = 2
+    stack_size = 3
+    nb_row = 10
+    nb_col = 6
+
+    for border_mode in ['valid', 'same']:
+        for subsample in [(1, 1), (2, 2)]:
+            for atrous_rate in [(1, 1), (2, 2)]:
+                if border_mode == 'same' and subsample != (1, 1):
+                    continue
+                if subsample != (1, 1) and atrous_rate != (1, 1):
+                    continue
+
+                layer_test(convolutional.AtrousConv2D,
+                           kwargs={'nb_filter': nb_filter,
+                                   'nb_row': 3,
+                                   'nb_col': 3,
+                                   'border_mode': border_mode,
+                                   'subsample': subsample,
+                                   'atrous_rate': atrous_rate},
+                           input_shape=(nb_samples, stack_size, nb_row, nb_col))
+
+                layer_test(convolutional.AtrousConv2D,
+                           kwargs={'nb_filter': nb_filter,
+                                   'nb_row': 3,
+                                   'nb_col': 3,
+                                   'border_mode': border_mode,
+                                   'W_regularizer': 'l2',
+                                   'b_regularizer': 'l2',
+                                   'activity_regularizer': 'activity_l2',
+                                   'subsample': subsample,
+                                   'atrous_rate': atrous_rate},
+                           input_shape=(nb_samples, stack_size, nb_row, nb_col))
+
+
+@pytest.mark.skipif(K._BACKEND != 'tensorflow', reason="Requires TF backend")
+@keras_test
+def test_separable_conv_2d():
+    nb_samples = 2
+    nb_filter = 6
+    stack_size = 3
+    nb_row = 10
+    nb_col = 6
+
+    for border_mode in ['valid', 'same']:
+        for subsample in [(1, 1), (2, 2)]:
+            for multiplier in [1, 2]:
+                if border_mode == 'same' and subsample != (1, 1):
+                    continue
+
+                layer_test(convolutional.SeparableConv2D,
+                           kwargs={'nb_filter': nb_filter,
+                                   'nb_row': 3,
+                                   'nb_col': 3,
+                                   'border_mode': border_mode,
+                                   'subsample': subsample,
+                                   'depth_multiplier': multiplier},
+                           input_shape=(nb_samples, stack_size, nb_row, nb_col))
+
+                layer_test(convolutional.SeparableConv2D,
+                           kwargs={'nb_filter': nb_filter,
+                                   'nb_row': 3,
+                                   'nb_col': 3,
+                                   'border_mode': border_mode,
+                                   'depthwise_regularizer': 'l2',
+                                   'pointwise_regularizer': 'l2',
+                                   'b_regularizer': 'l2',
+                                   'activity_regularizer': 'activity_l2',
+                                   'pointwise_constraint': 'unitnorm',
+                                   'depthwise_constraint': 'unitnorm',
+                                   'subsample': subsample,
+                                   'depth_multiplier': multiplier},
+                           input_shape=(nb_samples, stack_size, nb_row, nb_col))
+
+
+@keras_test
 def test_maxpooling_2d():
     pool_size = (3, 3)
 
@@ -95,6 +218,7 @@ def test_maxpooling_2d():
                    input_shape=(3, 4, 11, 12))
 
 
+@keras_test
 def test_averagepooling_2d():
     pool_size = (3, 3)
 
@@ -108,11 +232,11 @@ def test_averagepooling_2d():
                            input_shape=(3, 4, 11, 12))
 
 
-@pytest.mark.skipif(K._BACKEND != 'theano', reason="Requires Theano backend")
+@keras_test
 def test_convolution_3d():
     nb_samples = 2
-    nb_filter = 5
-    stack_size = 4
+    nb_filter = 2
+    stack_size = 3
     kernel_dim1 = 2
     kernel_dim2 = 3
     kernel_dim3 = 1
@@ -150,7 +274,7 @@ def test_convolution_3d():
                                     input_len_dim1, input_len_dim2, input_len_dim3))
 
 
-@pytest.mark.skipif(K._BACKEND != 'theano', reason="Requires Theano backend")
+@keras_test
 def test_maxpooling_3d():
     pool_size = (3, 3, 3)
 
@@ -162,7 +286,7 @@ def test_maxpooling_3d():
                    input_shape=(3, 4, 11, 12, 10))
 
 
-@pytest.mark.skipif(K._BACKEND != 'theano', reason="Requires Theano backend")
+@keras_test
 def test_averagepooling_3d():
     pool_size = (3, 3, 3)
 
@@ -174,9 +298,10 @@ def test_averagepooling_3d():
                    input_shape=(3, 4, 11, 12, 10))
 
 
+@keras_test
 def test_zero_padding_2d():
-    nb_samples = 9
-    stack_size = 7
+    nb_samples = 2
+    stack_size = 2
     input_nb_row = 11
     input_nb_col = 12
 
@@ -199,10 +324,9 @@ def test_zero_padding_2d():
     layer.get_config()
 
 
-@pytest.mark.skipif(K._BACKEND != 'theano', reason="Requires Theano backend")
 def test_zero_padding_3d():
-    nb_samples = 9
-    stack_size = 7
+    nb_samples = 2
+    stack_size = 2
     input_len_dim1 = 10
     input_len_dim2 = 11
     input_len_dim3 = 12
@@ -227,15 +351,17 @@ def test_zero_padding_3d():
     layer.get_config()
 
 
+@keras_test
 def test_upsampling_1d():
     layer_test(convolutional.UpSampling1D,
                kwargs={'length': 2},
                input_shape=(3, 5, 4))
 
 
+@keras_test
 def test_upsampling_2d():
-    nb_samples = 9
-    stack_size = 7
+    nb_samples = 2
+    stack_size = 2
     input_nb_row = 11
     input_nb_col = 12
 
@@ -273,10 +399,9 @@ def test_upsampling_2d():
                 assert_allclose(out, expected_out)
 
 
-@pytest.mark.skipif(K._BACKEND != 'theano', reason="Requires Theano backend")
 def test_upsampling_3d():
-    nb_samples = 9
-    stack_size = 7
+    nb_samples = 2
+    stack_size = 2
     input_len_dim1 = 10
     input_len_dim2 = 11
     input_len_dim3 = 12
@@ -320,5 +445,4 @@ def test_upsampling_3d():
 
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
-    # pytest.main([__file__])
-    test_convolution_3d()
+    pytest.main([__file__])

tests/keras/layers/test_core.py

@@ -3,15 +3,17 @@ import numpy as np
 
 from keras import backend as K
 from keras.layers import core
-from keras.utils.test_utils import layer_test
+from keras.utils.test_utils import layer_test, keras_test
 
 
+@keras_test
 def test_masking():
     layer_test(core.Masking,
                kwargs={},
                input_shape=(3, 2, 3))
 
 
+@keras_test
 def test_merge():
     from keras.layers import Input, merge, Merge
     from keras.models import Model
@@ -21,7 +23,7 @@ def test_merge():
     inputs = [np.random.random(shape) for shape in input_shapes]
 
     # test functional API
-    for mode in ['sum', 'mul', 'concat', 'ave']:
+    for mode in ['sum', 'mul', 'concat', 'ave', 'max']:
         print(mode)
         input_a = Input(shape=input_shapes[0][1:])
         input_b = Input(shape=input_shapes[1][1:])
@@ -83,6 +85,7 @@ def test_merge():
     model.compile('rmsprop', 'mse')
 
 
+@keras_test
 def test_merge_mask_2d():
     from keras.layers import Input, merge, Masking
     from keras.models import Model
@@ -97,21 +100,27 @@ def test_merge_mask_2d():
     masked_a = Masking(mask_value=0)(input_a)
     masked_b = Masking(mask_value=0)(input_b)
 
-    # two different types of merging
+    # three different types of merging
     merged_sum = merge([masked_a, masked_b], mode='sum')
     merged_concat = merge([masked_a, masked_b], mode='concat', concat_axis=1)
+    merged_concat_mixed = merge([masked_a, input_b], mode='concat', concat_axis=1)
 
     # test sum
     model_sum = Model([input_a, input_b], [merged_sum])
     model_sum.compile(loss='mse', optimizer='sgd')
-    model_sum.fit([rand(2,3), rand(2,3)], [rand(2,3)], nb_epoch=1)
+    model_sum.fit([rand(2, 3), rand(2, 3)], [rand(2, 3)], nb_epoch=1)
 
     # test concatenation
     model_concat = Model([input_a, input_b], [merged_concat])
     model_concat.compile(loss='mse', optimizer='sgd')
+    model_concat.fit([rand(2, 3), rand(2, 3)], [rand(2, 6)], nb_epoch=1)
+
+    # test concatenation with masked and non-masked inputs
+    model_concat = Model([input_a, input_b], [merged_concat_mixed])
+    model_concat.compile(loss='mse', optimizer='sgd')
     model_concat.fit([rand(2,3), rand(2,3)], [rand(2,6)], nb_epoch=1)
 
-
+@keras_test
 def test_merge_mask_3d():
     from keras.layers import Input, merge, Embedding, SimpleRNN
     from keras.models import Model
@@ -134,15 +143,17 @@ def test_merge_mask_3d():
     merged_concat = merge([rnn_a, rnn_b], mode='concat', concat_axis=-1)
     model = Model([input_a, input_b], [merged_concat])
     model.compile(loss='mse', optimizer='sgd')
-    model.fit([rand(2,3), rand(2,3)], [rand(2,3,6)])
+    model.fit([rand(2, 3), rand(2, 3)], [rand(2, 3, 6)])
 
 
+@keras_test
 def test_dropout():
     layer_test(core.Dropout,
                kwargs={'p': 0.5},
                input_shape=(3, 2))
 
 
+@keras_test
 def test_activation():
     # with string argument
     layer_test(core.Activation,
@@ -155,30 +166,35 @@ def test_activation():
                input_shape=(3, 2))
 
 
+@keras_test
 def test_reshape():
     layer_test(core.Reshape,
                kwargs={'target_shape': (8, 1)},
                input_shape=(3, 2, 4))
 
 
+@keras_test
 def test_permute():
     layer_test(core.Permute,
                kwargs={'dims': (2, 1)},
                input_shape=(3, 2, 4))
 
 
+@keras_test
 def test_flatten():
     layer_test(core.Flatten,
                kwargs={},
                input_shape=(3, 2, 4))
 
 
+@keras_test
 def test_repeat_vector():
     layer_test(core.RepeatVector,
                kwargs={'n': 3},
                input_shape=(3, 2))
 
 
+@keras_test
 def test_lambda():
     from keras.utils.layer_utils import layer_from_config
     Lambda = core.Lambda
@@ -212,6 +228,7 @@ def test_lambda():
     ld = layer_from_config({'class_name': 'Lambda', 'config': config})
 
 
+@keras_test
 def test_dense():
     from keras import regularizers
     from keras import constraints
@@ -230,6 +247,7 @@ def test_dense():
                input_shape=(3, 2))
 
 
+@keras_test
 def test_activity_regularization():
     from keras.engine import Input, Model
 
@@ -250,6 +268,7 @@ def test_activity_regularization():
     model.compile('rmsprop', 'mse')
 
 
+@keras_test
 def test_maxout_dense():
     from keras import regularizers
     from keras import constraints
@@ -268,6 +287,7 @@ def test_maxout_dense():
                input_shape=(3, 2))
 
 
+@keras_test
 def test_highway():
     from keras import regularizers
     from keras import constraints
@@ -285,6 +305,7 @@ def test_highway():
                input_shape=(3, 2))
 
 
+@keras_test
 def test_timedistributeddense():
     from keras import regularizers
     from keras import constraints

tests/keras/layers/test_embeddings.py

@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
 import pytest
-from keras.utils.test_utils import layer_test
+from keras.utils.test_utils import layer_test, keras_test
 from keras.layers.embeddings import Embedding
 import keras.backend as K
 
 
+@keras_test
 def test_embedding():
     layer_test(Embedding,
-               kwargs={'output_dim': 4., 'input_dim': 10, 'input_length': 2},
+               kwargs={'output_dim': 4, 'input_dim': 10, 'input_length': 2},
                input_shape=(3, 2),
                input_dtype='int32',
                expected_output_dtype=K.floatx())

tests/keras/layers/test_local.py

@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+import pytest
+
+from keras.utils.test_utils import layer_test, keras_test
+from keras.layers import local
+
+
+@keras_test
+def test_locallyconnected_1d():
+    nb_samples = 2
+    nb_steps = 8
+    input_dim = 5
+    filter_length = 3
+    nb_filter = 4
+
+    for border_mode in ['valid']:
+        for subsample_length in [1]:
+            if border_mode == 'same' and subsample_length != 1:
+                continue
+            layer_test(local.LocallyConnected1D,
+                       kwargs={'nb_filter': nb_filter,
+                               'filter_length': filter_length,
+                               'border_mode': border_mode,
+                               'subsample_length': subsample_length},
+                       input_shape=(nb_samples, nb_steps, input_dim))
+
+            layer_test(local.LocallyConnected1D,
+                       kwargs={'nb_filter': nb_filter,
+                               'filter_length': filter_length,
+                               'border_mode': border_mode,
+                               'W_regularizer': 'l2',
+                               'b_regularizer': 'l2',
+                               'activity_regularizer': 'activity_l2',
+                               'subsample_length': subsample_length},
+                       input_shape=(nb_samples, nb_steps, input_dim))
+
+
+@keras_test
+def test_locallyconnected_2d():
+    nb_samples = 8
+    nb_filter = 3
+    stack_size = 4
+    nb_row = 6
+    nb_col = 10
+
+    for border_mode in ['valid']:
+        for subsample in [(1, 1), (2, 2)]:
+            if border_mode == 'same' and subsample != (1, 1):
+                continue
+
+            layer_test(local.LocallyConnected2D,
+                       kwargs={'nb_filter': nb_filter,
+                               'nb_row': 3,
+                               'nb_col': 3,
+                               'border_mode': border_mode,
+                               'W_regularizer': 'l2',
+                               'b_regularizer': 'l2',
+                               'activity_regularizer': 'activity_l2',
+                               'subsample': subsample,
+                               'dim_ordering': 'tf'},
+                       input_shape=(nb_samples, nb_row, nb_col, stack_size))
+
+            layer_test(local.LocallyConnected2D,
+                       kwargs={'nb_filter': nb_filter,
+                               'nb_row': 3,
+                               'nb_col': 3,
+                               'border_mode': border_mode,
+                               'W_regularizer': 'l2',
+                               'b_regularizer': 'l2',
+                               'activity_regularizer': 'activity_l2',
+                               'subsample': subsample,
+                               'dim_ordering': 'th'},
+                       input_shape=(nb_samples, stack_size, nb_row, nb_col))
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    pytest.main([__file__])

tests/keras/layers/test_noise.py

@@ -1,14 +1,16 @@
 import pytest
-from keras.utils.test_utils import layer_test
+from keras.utils.test_utils import layer_test, keras_test
 from keras.layers import noise
 
 
+@keras_test
 def test_GaussianNoise():
     layer_test(noise.GaussianNoise,
                kwargs={'sigma': 1.},
                input_shape=(3, 2, 3))
 
 
+@keras_test
 def test_GaussianDropout():
     layer_test(noise.GaussianDropout,
                kwargs={'p': 0.5},

tests/keras/layers/test_normalization.py

@@ -3,18 +3,18 @@ import numpy as np
 from numpy.testing import assert_allclose
 
 from keras.layers.core import Dense, Activation
-from keras.utils.test_utils import layer_test
+from keras.utils.test_utils import layer_test, keras_test
 from keras.layers import normalization
 from keras.models import Sequential, Graph
 from keras import backend as K
 
-
 input_1 = np.arange(10)
 input_2 = np.zeros(10)
 input_3 = np.ones((10))
 input_shapes = [np.ones((10, 10)), np.ones((10, 10, 10))]
 
 
+@keras_test
 def basic_batchnorm_test():
     layer_test(normalization.BatchNormalization,
                kwargs={'mode': 1},
@@ -24,16 +24,17 @@ def basic_batchnorm_test():
                input_shape=(3, 4, 2))
 
 
+@keras_test
 def test_batchnorm_mode_0_or_2():
     for mode in [0, 2]:
         model = Sequential()
-        norm_m0 = normalization.BatchNormalization(mode=mode, input_shape=(10,))
+        norm_m0 = normalization.BatchNormalization(mode=mode, input_shape=(10,), momentum=0.8)
         model.add(norm_m0)
         model.compile(loss='mse', optimizer='sgd')
 
         # centered on 5.0, variance 10.0
         X = np.random.normal(loc=5.0, scale=10.0, size=(1000, 10))
-        model.fit(X, X, nb_epoch=5, verbose=0)
+        model.fit(X, X, nb_epoch=4, verbose=0)
         out = model.predict(X)
         out -= K.eval(norm_m0.beta)
         out /= K.eval(norm_m0.gamma)
@@ -42,15 +43,16 @@ def test_batchnorm_mode_0_or_2():
         assert_allclose(out.std(), 1.0, atol=1e-1)
 
 
+@keras_test
 def test_batchnorm_mode_0_convnet():
     model = Sequential()
-    norm_m0 = normalization.BatchNormalization(mode=0, axis=1, input_shape=(3, 4, 4))
+    norm_m0 = normalization.BatchNormalization(mode=0, axis=1, input_shape=(3, 4, 4), momentum=0.8)
     model.add(norm_m0)
     model.compile(loss='mse', optimizer='sgd')
 
     # centered on 5.0, variance 10.0
     X = np.random.normal(loc=5.0, scale=10.0, size=(1000, 3, 4, 4))
-    model.fit(X, X, nb_epoch=5, verbose=0)
+    model.fit(X, X, nb_epoch=4, verbose=0)
     out = model.predict(X)
     out -= np.reshape(K.eval(norm_m0.beta), (1, 3, 1, 1))
     out /= np.reshape(K.eval(norm_m0.gamma), (1, 3, 1, 1))
@@ -59,6 +61,7 @@ def test_batchnorm_mode_0_convnet():
     assert_allclose(np.std(out, axis=(0, 2, 3)), 1.0, atol=1e-1)
 
 
+@keras_test
 def test_batchnorm_mode_1():
     norm_m1 = normalization.BatchNormalization(input_shape=(10,), mode=1)
     norm_m1.build(input_shape=(None, 10))

tests/keras/layers/test_recurrent.py

@@ -7,10 +7,11 @@ from keras.layers import recurrent, embeddings
 from keras.models import Sequential
 from keras.layers.core import Masking
 from keras import regularizers
+from keras.utils.test_utils import keras_test
 
 from keras import backend as K
 
-nb_samples, timesteps, embedding_dim, output_dim = 3, 5, 10, 5
+nb_samples, timesteps, embedding_dim, output_dim = 2, 5, 4, 3
 embedding_num = 12
 
 
@@ -23,21 +24,21 @@ def _runner(layer_class):
     layer_test(layer_class,
                kwargs={'output_dim': output_dim,
                        'return_sequences': True},
-               input_shape=(3, 2, 3))
+               input_shape=(nb_samples, timesteps, embedding_dim))
 
     # check dropout
     layer_test(layer_class,
                kwargs={'output_dim': output_dim,
                        'dropout_U': 0.1,
                        'dropout_W': 0.1},
-               input_shape=(3, 2, 3))
+               input_shape=(nb_samples, timesteps, embedding_dim))
 
     # check implementation modes
     for mode in ['cpu', 'mem', 'gpu']:
         layer_test(layer_class,
                    kwargs={'output_dim': output_dim,
                            'consume_less': mode},
-                   input_shape=(3, 2, 3))
+                   input_shape=(nb_samples, timesteps, embedding_dim))
 
     # check statefulness
     model = Sequential()
@@ -82,7 +83,6 @@ def _runner(layer_class):
     left_padded_input = np.ones((nb_samples, timesteps))
     left_padded_input[0, :1] = 0
     left_padded_input[1, :2] = 0
-    left_padded_input[2, :3] = 0
     out6 = model.predict(left_padded_input)
 
     layer.reset_states()
@@ -90,7 +90,6 @@ def _runner(layer_class):
     right_padded_input = np.ones((nb_samples, timesteps))
     right_padded_input[0, -1:] = 0
     right_padded_input[1, -2:] = 0
-    right_padded_input[2, -3:] = 0
     out7 = model.predict(right_padded_input)
 
     assert_allclose(out7, out6, atol=1e-5)
@@ -107,18 +106,22 @@ def _runner(layer_class):
     K.eval(layer.output)
 
 
+@keras_test
 def test_SimpleRNN():
     _runner(recurrent.SimpleRNN)
 
 
+@keras_test
 def test_GRU():
     _runner(recurrent.GRU)
 
 
+@keras_test
 def test_LSTM():
     _runner(recurrent.LSTM)
 
 
+@keras_test
 def test_masking_layer():
     ''' This test based on a previously failing issue here:
     https://github.com/fchollet/keras/issues/1567

tests/keras/layers/test_wrappers.py

@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
 import pytest
 import numpy as np
 from numpy.testing import assert_allclose
-
+from keras.utils.test_utils import keras_test
 from keras.layers import wrappers, Input
 from keras.layers import core, convolutional
 from keras.models import Sequential, Model, model_from_json
 
 
+@keras_test
 def test_TimeDistributed():
     # first, test with Dense layer
     model = Sequential()

tests/keras/test_graph_model.py

@@ -1,449 +0,0 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-from __future__ import print_function
-import pytest
-import os
-import numpy as np
-np.random.seed(1337)
-
-from keras import backend as K
-from keras.models import Graph, Sequential
-from keras.layers.core import Dense, Activation, Merge, Lambda
-from keras.utils.test_utils import get_test_data
-from keras.models import model_from_json, model_from_yaml
-
-
-batch_size = 32
-
-(X_train_graph, y_train_graph), (X_test_graph, y_test_graph) = get_test_data(nb_train=100,
-                                                                             nb_test=50,
-                                                                             input_shape=(32,),
-                                                                             classification=False,
-                                                                             output_shape=(4,))
-(X2_train_graph, y2_train_graph), (X2_test_graph, y2_test_graph) = get_test_data(nb_train=100,
-                                                                                 nb_test=50,
-                                                                                 input_shape=(32,),
-                                                                                 classification=False,
-                                                                                 output_shape=(1,))
-
-
-def test_graph_fit_generator():
-    def data_generator_graph(train):
-        while 1:
-            if train:
-                yield {'input1': X_train_graph, 'output1': y_train_graph}
-            else:
-                yield {'input1': X_test_graph, 'output1': y_test_graph}
-
-    graph = Graph()
-    graph.add_input(name='input1', input_shape=(32,))
-
-    graph.add_node(Dense(16), name='dense1', input='input1')
-    graph.add_node(Dense(4), name='dense2', input='input1')
-    graph.add_node(Dense(4), name='dense3', input='dense1')
-
-    graph.add_output(name='output1',
-                     inputs=['dense2', 'dense3'],
-                     merge_mode='sum')
-    graph.compile('rmsprop', {'output1': 'mse'})
-
-    graph.fit_generator(data_generator_graph(True), 1000, nb_epoch=4)
-    graph.fit_generator(data_generator_graph(True), 1000, nb_epoch=4,
-                        validation_data={'input1': X_test_graph, 'output1': y_test_graph})
-    graph.fit_generator(data_generator_graph(True), 1000, nb_epoch=4,
-                        validation_data=data_generator_graph(False), nb_val_samples=batch_size * 3)
-    graph.fit_generator(data_generator_graph(True), 1000, nb_epoch=4,
-                        validation_data=data_generator_graph(False), nb_val_samples=batch_size * 3)
-    gen_loss = graph.evaluate_generator(data_generator_graph(True), 128, verbose=0)
-
-    loss = graph.evaluate({'input1': X_test_graph, 'output1': y_test_graph}, verbose=0)
-
-    # test show_accuracy
-    graph.compile('rmsprop', {'output1': 'mse'}, metrics=['accuracy'])
-    graph.fit_generator(data_generator_graph(True), 1000, nb_epoch=4)
-    graph.fit_generator(data_generator_graph(True), 1000, nb_epoch=4,
-                        validation_data={'input1': X_test_graph, 'output1': y_test_graph})
-    graph.fit_generator(data_generator_graph(True), 1000, nb_epoch=4,
-                        validation_data=data_generator_graph(False), nb_val_samples=batch_size * 3)
-    graph.fit_generator(data_generator_graph(True), 1000, nb_epoch=4,
-                        validation_data=data_generator_graph(False), nb_val_samples=batch_size * 3)
-    gen_loss = graph.evaluate_generator(data_generator_graph(True), 128, verbose=0)
-
-
-def test_1o_1i():
-    # test a non-sequential graph with 1 input and 1 output
-    np.random.seed(1337)
-
-    graph = Graph()
-    graph.add_input(name='input1', input_shape=(32,))
-
-    graph.add_node(Dense(16), name='dense1', input='input1')
-    graph.add_node(Dense(4), name='dense2', input='input1')
-    graph.add_node(Dense(4), name='dense3', input='dense1')
-
-    graph.add_output(name='output1',
-                     inputs=['dense2', 'dense3'],
-                     merge_mode='sum')
-    graph.compile('rmsprop', {'output1': 'mse'})
-
-    graph.fit({'input1': X_train_graph, 'output1': y_train_graph},
-              nb_epoch=10)
-    out = graph.predict({'input1': X_test_graph})
-
-    assert(type(out) == dict)
-    assert(len(out) == 1)
-    loss = graph.test_on_batch({'input1': X_test_graph, 'output1': y_test_graph})
-    loss = graph.train_on_batch({'input1': X_test_graph, 'output1': y_test_graph})
-    loss = graph.evaluate({'input1': X_test_graph, 'output1': y_test_graph}, verbose=0)
-
-    # test accuracy:
-    graph.compile('rmsprop', {'output1': 'mse'}, metrics=['accuracy'])
-    graph.fit({'input1': X_train_graph, 'output1': y_train_graph},
-              nb_epoch=1)
-    loss, acc = graph.test_on_batch({'input1': X_test_graph, 'output1': y_test_graph})
-    loss, acc = graph.train_on_batch({'input1': X_test_graph, 'output1': y_test_graph})
-    loss, acc = graph.evaluate({'input1': X_test_graph, 'output1': y_test_graph}, verbose=0)
-
-    # test validation split
-    graph.fit({'input1': X_train_graph, 'output1': y_train_graph},
-              validation_split=0.2, nb_epoch=1)
-    # test validation data
-    graph.fit({'input1': X_train_graph, 'output1': y_train_graph},
-              validation_data={'input1': X_train_graph, 'output1': y_train_graph},
-              nb_epoch=1)
-
-
-def test_1o_1i_2():
-    # test a more complex non-sequential graph with 1 input and 1 output
-    graph = Graph()
-    graph.add_input(name='input1', input_shape=(32,))
-
-    graph.add_node(Dense(4), name='dense1', input='input1')
-    graph.add_node(Dense(4), name='dense2-0', input='input1')
-    graph.add_node(Activation('relu'), name='dense2', input='dense2-0')
-
-    graph.add_node(Dense(4), name='dense3', input='dense2')
-    graph.add_node(Dense(4), name='dense4', inputs=['dense1', 'dense3'],
-                   merge_mode='sum')
-
-    graph.add_output(name='output1', inputs=['dense2', 'dense4'],
-                     merge_mode='sum')
-    graph.compile('rmsprop', {'output1': 'mse'})
-
-    graph.fit({'input1': X_train_graph, 'output1': y_train_graph},
-              nb_epoch=2)
-    out = graph.predict({'input1': X_train_graph})
-    assert(type(out == dict))
-    assert(len(out) == 1)
-
-    loss = graph.test_on_batch({'input1': X_test_graph, 'output1': y_test_graph})
-    loss = graph.train_on_batch({'input1': X_test_graph, 'output1': y_test_graph})
-    loss = graph.evaluate({'input1': X_test_graph, 'output1': y_test_graph})
-
-    # test serialization
-    config = graph.get_config()
-    new_graph = Graph.from_config(config)
-
-    graph.summary()
-    json_str = graph.to_json()
-    new_graph = model_from_json(json_str)
-
-    yaml_str = graph.to_yaml()
-    new_graph = model_from_yaml(yaml_str)
-
-
-def test_1o_2i():
-    # test a non-sequential graph with 2 inputs and 1 output
-    graph = Graph()
-    graph.add_input(name='input1', input_shape=(32,))
-    graph.add_input(name='input2', input_shape=(32,))
-
-    graph.add_node(Dense(16), name='dense1', input='input1')
-    graph.add_node(Dense(4), name='dense2', input='input2')
-    graph.add_node(Dense(4), name='dense3', input='dense1')
-
-    graph.add_output(name='output1', inputs=['dense2', 'dense3'],
-                     merge_mode='sum')
-    graph.compile('rmsprop', {'output1': 'mse'})
-
-    graph.fit({'input1': X_train_graph, 'input2': X2_train_graph, 'output1': y_train_graph},
-              nb_epoch=2)
-    out = graph.predict({'input1': X_test_graph, 'input2': X2_test_graph})
-    assert(type(out == dict))
-    assert(len(out) == 1)
-
-    loss = graph.test_on_batch({'input1': X_test_graph, 'input2': X2_test_graph, 'output1': y_test_graph})
-    loss = graph.train_on_batch({'input1': X_test_graph, 'input2': X2_test_graph, 'output1': y_test_graph})
-    loss = graph.evaluate({'input1': X_test_graph, 'input2': X2_test_graph, 'output1': y_test_graph})
-
-    # test serialization
-    config = graph.get_config()
-    new_graph = Graph.from_config(config)
-
-    graph.summary()
-    json_str = graph.to_json()
-    new_graph = model_from_json(json_str)
-
-    yaml_str = graph.to_yaml()
-    new_graph = model_from_yaml(yaml_str)
-
-
-def test_siamese_1():
-    graph = Graph()
-    graph.add_input(name='input1', input_shape=(32,))
-    graph.add_input(name='input2', input_shape=(32,))
-
-    graph.add_shared_node(Dense(4), name='shared', inputs=['input1', 'input2'], merge_mode='sum')
-    graph.add_node(Dense(4), name='dense1', input='shared')
-    # graph.add_node(Dense(4), name='output1', input='shared', create_output=True)
-
-    # graph.add_output(name='output1', inputs=['dense1', 'shared'], merge_mode='sum')
-    graph.add_output(name='output1', input='dense1')
-    graph.compile('rmsprop', {'output1': 'mse'})
-
-    graph.fit({'input1': X_train_graph, 'input2': X2_train_graph, 'output1': y_train_graph},
-              nb_epoch=10)
-    out = graph.predict({'input1': X_test_graph, 'input2': X2_test_graph})
-    assert(type(out == dict))
-    assert(len(out) == 1)
-
-    loss = graph.test_on_batch({'input1': X_test_graph, 'input2': X2_test_graph, 'output1': y_test_graph})
-    loss = graph.train_on_batch({'input1': X_test_graph, 'input2': X2_test_graph, 'output1': y_test_graph})
-    loss = graph.evaluate({'input1': X_test_graph, 'input2': X2_test_graph, 'output1': y_test_graph})
-    assert(loss < 4.0)
-
-    # test serialization
-    config = graph.get_config()
-    new_graph = Graph.from_config(config)
-
-    graph.summary()
-    json_str = graph.to_json()
-    new_graph = model_from_json(json_str)
-
-    yaml_str = graph.to_yaml()
-    new_graph = model_from_yaml(yaml_str)
-
-
-'''Th test below is failing because of a known bug
-with the serialization of legacy Graph models
-containing shared nodes with named outputs.
-This is very low priority (= no plans to fix it),
-since the Graph model is deprecated.
-'''
-# def test_siamese_2():
-#     graph = Graph()
-#     graph.add_input(name='input1', input_shape=(32,))
-#     graph.add_input(name='input2', input_shape=(32,))
-
-#     graph.add_shared_node(Dense(4), name='shared',
-#                           inputs=['input1', 'input2'],
-#                           outputs=['shared_output1', 'shared_output2'])
-#     graph.add_node(Dense(4), name='dense1',  input='shared_output1')
-#     graph.add_node(Dense(4), name='dense2',  input='shared_output2')
-
-#     graph.add_output(name='output1', inputs=['dense1', 'dense2'],
-#                      merge_mode='sum')
-#     graph.compile('rmsprop', {'output1': 'mse'})
-
-#     graph.fit({'input1': X_train_graph,
-#                'input2': X2_train_graph,
-#                'output1': y_train_graph},
-#               nb_epoch=10)
-#     out = graph.predict({'input1': X_test_graph,
-#                          'input2': X2_test_graph})
-#     assert(type(out == dict))
-#     assert(len(out) == 1)
-
-#     loss = graph.test_on_batch({'input1': X_test_graph,
-#                                 'input2': X2_test_graph,
-#                                 'output1': y_test_graph})
-#     loss = graph.train_on_batch({'input1': X_test_graph,
-#                                  'input2': X2_test_graph,
-#                                  'output1': y_test_graph})
-#     loss = graph.evaluate({'input1': X_test_graph,
-#                            'input2': X2_test_graph,
-#                            'output1': y_test_graph})
-#     # test serialization
-#     config = graph.get_config()
-#     new_graph = Graph.from_config(config)
-
-#     graph.summary()
-#     json_str = graph.to_json()
-#     new_graph = model_from_json(json_str)
-
-#     yaml_str = graph.to_yaml()
-#     new_graph = model_from_yaml(yaml_str)
-
-
-def test_2o_1i_save_weights():
-    # test a non-sequential graph with 1 input and 2 outputs
-    graph = Graph()
-    graph.add_input(name='input1', input_shape=(32,))
-
-    graph.add_node(Dense(16), name='dense1', input='input1')
-    graph.add_node(Dense(4), name='dense2', input='input1')
-    graph.add_node(Dense(1), name='dense3', input='dense1')
-
-    graph.add_output(name='output1', input='dense2')
-    graph.add_output(name='output2', input='dense3')
-    graph.compile('rmsprop', {'output1': 'mse', 'output2': 'mse'})
-
-    graph.fit({'input1': X_train_graph, 'output1': y_train_graph, 'output2': y2_train_graph},
-              nb_epoch=10)
-    out = graph.predict({'input1': X_test_graph})
-    assert(type(out == dict))
-    assert(len(out) == 2)
-    loss = graph.test_on_batch({'input1': X_test_graph, 'output1': y_test_graph, 'output2': y2_test_graph})
-    loss = graph.train_on_batch({'input1': X_test_graph, 'output1': y_test_graph, 'output2': y2_test_graph})
-    loss = graph.evaluate({'input1': X_test_graph, 'output1': y_test_graph, 'output2': y2_test_graph})
-
-    # test weight saving
-    fname = 'test_2o_1i_weights_temp.h5'
-    graph.save_weights(fname, overwrite=True)
-
-    graph = Graph()
-    graph.add_input(name='input1', input_shape=(32,))
-    graph.add_node(Dense(16), name='dense1', input='input1')
-    graph.add_node(Dense(4), name='dense2', input='input1')
-    graph.add_node(Dense(1), name='dense3', input='dense1')
-    graph.add_output(name='output1', input='dense2')
-    graph.add_output(name='output2', input='dense3')
-    graph.compile('rmsprop', {'output1': 'mse', 'output2': 'mse'})
-    graph.load_weights('test_2o_1i_weights_temp.h5')
-    os.remove(fname)
-
-    nloss = graph.evaluate({'input1': X_test_graph, 'output1': y_test_graph, 'output2': y2_test_graph})
-    assert(loss == nloss)
-
-    # test loss weights
-    graph.compile('rmsprop', {'output1': 'mse', 'output2': 'mse'},
-                  loss_weights={'output1': 1., 'output2': 2.})
-    graph.fit({'input1': X_train_graph, 'output1': y_train_graph, 'output2': y2_train_graph},
-              nb_epoch=1)
-
-
-def test_2o_1i_sample_weights():
-    # test a non-sequential graph with 1 input and 2 outputs with sample weights
-    graph = Graph()
-    graph.add_input(name='input1', input_shape=(32,))
-
-    graph.add_node(Dense(16), name='dense1', input='input1')
-    graph.add_node(Dense(4), name='dense2', input='input1')
-    graph.add_node(Dense(1), name='dense3', input='dense1')
-
-    graph.add_output(name='output1', input='dense2')
-    graph.add_output(name='output2', input='dense3')
-
-    weights1 = np.random.uniform(size=y_train_graph.shape[0])
-    weights2 = np.random.uniform(size=y2_train_graph.shape[0])
-    weights1_test = np.random.uniform(size=y_test_graph.shape[0])
-    weights2_test = np.random.uniform(size=y2_test_graph.shape[0])
-
-    graph.compile('rmsprop', {'output1': 'mse', 'output2': 'mse'})
-
-    graph.fit({'input1': X_train_graph, 'output1': y_train_graph, 'output2': y2_train_graph},
-              nb_epoch=10,
-              sample_weight={'output1': weights1, 'output2': weights2})
-    out = graph.predict({'input1': X_test_graph})
-    assert(type(out == dict))
-    assert(len(out) == 2)
-    loss = graph.test_on_batch({'input1': X_test_graph, 'output1': y_test_graph, 'output2': y2_test_graph},
-                               sample_weight={'output1': weights1_test, 'output2': weights2_test})
-    loss = graph.train_on_batch({'input1': X_train_graph, 'output1': y_train_graph, 'output2': y2_train_graph},
-                                sample_weight={'output1': weights1, 'output2': weights2})
-    loss = graph.evaluate({'input1': X_train_graph, 'output1': y_train_graph, 'output2': y2_train_graph},
-                          sample_weight={'output1': weights1, 'output2': weights2})
-
-
-def test_recursive():
-    # test layer-like API
-    graph = Graph()
-    graph.add_input(name='input1', input_shape=(32,))
-    graph.add_node(Dense(16), name='dense1', input='input1')
-    graph.add_node(Dense(4), name='dense2', input='input1')
-    graph.add_node(Dense(4), name='dense3', input='dense1')
-    graph.add_output(name='output1', inputs=['dense2', 'dense3'],
-                     merge_mode='sum')
-
-    seq = Sequential()
-    seq.add(Dense(32, input_shape=(32,)))
-    seq.add(graph)
-    seq.add(Dense(4))
-
-    seq.compile('rmsprop', 'mse')
-
-    seq.fit(X_train_graph, y_train_graph, batch_size=10, nb_epoch=10)
-    loss = seq.evaluate(X_test_graph, y_test_graph)
-
-    # test serialization
-    config = seq.get_config()
-    new_graph = Sequential.from_config(config)
-
-    seq.summary()
-    json_str = seq.to_json()
-    new_graph = model_from_json(json_str)
-
-    yaml_str = seq.to_yaml()
-    new_graph = model_from_yaml(yaml_str)
-
-
-def test_create_output():
-    # test create_output argument
-    graph = Graph()
-    graph.add_input(name='input1', input_shape=(32,))
-
-    graph.add_node(Dense(16), name='dense1', input='input1')
-    graph.add_node(Dense(4), name='dense2', input='input1')
-    graph.add_node(Dense(4), name='dense3', input='dense1')
-    graph.add_node(Dense(4), name='output1', inputs=['dense2', 'dense3'],
-                   merge_mode='sum', create_output=True)
-    graph.compile('rmsprop', {'output1': 'mse'})
-
-    history = graph.fit({'input1': X_train_graph, 'output1': y_train_graph},
-                        nb_epoch=10)
-    out = graph.predict({'input1': X_test_graph})
-    assert(type(out == dict))
-    assert(len(out) == 1)
-
-    loss = graph.test_on_batch({'input1': X_test_graph, 'output1': y_test_graph})
-    loss = graph.train_on_batch({'input1': X_test_graph, 'output1': y_test_graph})
-    loss = graph.evaluate({'input1': X_test_graph, 'output1': y_test_graph})
-    assert(loss < 2.5)
-
-    # test serialization
-    config = graph.get_config()
-    graph = Graph.from_config(config)
-    graph.compile('rmsprop', {'output1': 'mse'})
-    out = graph.predict({'input1': X_test_graph})
-
-
-def test_count_params():
-    # test count params
-    nb_units = 100
-    nb_classes = 2
-
-    graph = Graph()
-    graph.add_input(name='input1', input_shape=(32,))
-    graph.add_input(name='input2', input_shape=(32,))
-    graph.add_node(Dense(nb_units),
-                   name='dense1', input='input1')
-    graph.add_node(Dense(nb_classes),
-                   name='dense2', input='input2')
-    graph.add_node(Dense(nb_classes),
-                   name='dense3', input='dense1')
-    graph.add_output(name='output', inputs=['dense2', 'dense3'],
-                     merge_mode='sum')
-    graph.build()
-
-    n = 32 * nb_units + nb_units
-    n += 32 * nb_classes + nb_classes
-    n += nb_units * nb_classes + nb_classes
-
-    assert(n == graph.count_params())
-
-    graph.compile('rmsprop', {'output': 'binary_crossentropy'})
-
-    assert(n == graph.count_params())
-
-
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-    pytest.main([__file__])

tests/keras/test_multiprocessing.py

@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+from __future__ import print_function
+import pytest
+import numpy as np
+from keras.models import Sequential
+from keras.layers.core import Dense
+from keras.utils.test_utils import keras_test
+
+
+@keras_test
+def test_multiprocessing_training():
+
+    reached_end = False
+
+    arr_data = np.random.randint(0, 256, (500, 2))
+    arr_labels = np.random.randint(0, 2, 500)
+
+    def myGenerator():
+
+        batch_size = 32
+        n_samples = 500
+
+        while True:
+            batch_index = np.random.randint(0, n_samples - batch_size)
+            start = batch_index
+            end = start + batch_size
+            X = arr_data[start: end]
+            y = arr_labels[start: end]
+            yield X, y
+
+    # Build a NN
+    model = Sequential()
+    model.add(Dense(1, input_shape=(2, )))
+    model.compile(loss='mse', optimizer='adadelta')
+
+    model.fit_generator(myGenerator(),
+                        samples_per_epoch=320,
+                        nb_epoch=1,
+                        verbose=1,
+                        max_q_size=10,
+                        nb_worker=4,
+                        pickle_safe=True)
+
+    model.fit_generator(myGenerator(),
+                        samples_per_epoch=320,
+                        nb_epoch=1,
+                        verbose=1,
+                        max_q_size=10,
+                        pickle_safe=False)
+
+    reached_end = True
+
+    assert reached_end
+
+
+@keras_test
+def test_multiprocessing_training_fromfile():
+
+    reached_end = False
+
+    arr_data = np.random.randint(0, 256, (500, 2))
+    arr_labels = np.random.randint(0, 2, 500)
+    np.savez("data.npz", **{"data": arr_data, "labels": arr_labels})
+
+    def myGenerator():
+
+        batch_size = 32
+        n_samples = 500
+
+        arr = np.load("data.npz")
+
+        while True:
+            batch_index = np.random.randint(0, n_samples - batch_size)
+            start = batch_index
+            end = start + batch_size
+            X = arr["data"][start: end]
+            y = arr["labels"][start: end]
+            yield X, y
+
+    # Build a NN
+    model = Sequential()
+    model.add(Dense(1, input_shape=(2, )))
+    model.compile(loss='mse', optimizer='adadelta')
+
+    model.fit_generator(myGenerator(),
+                        samples_per_epoch=320,
+                        nb_epoch=1,
+                        verbose=1,
+                        max_q_size=10,
+                        nb_worker=2,
+                        pickle_safe=True)
+
+    model.fit_generator(myGenerator(),
+                        samples_per_epoch=320,
+                        nb_epoch=1,
+                        verbose=1,
+                        max_q_size=10,
+                        pickle_safe=False)
+    reached_end = True
+
+    assert reached_end
+
+
+@keras_test
+def test_multiprocessing_predicting():
+
+    reached_end = False
+
+    arr_data = np.random.randint(0, 256, (500, 2))
+
+    def myGenerator():
+
+        batch_size = 32
+        n_samples = 500
+
+        while True:
+            batch_index = np.random.randint(0, n_samples - batch_size)
+            start = batch_index
+            end = start + batch_size
+            X = arr_data[start: end]
+            yield X
+
+    # Build a NN
+    model = Sequential()
+    model.add(Dense(1, input_shape=(2, )))
+    model.compile(loss='mse', optimizer='adadelta')
+    model.predict_generator(myGenerator(),
+                            val_samples=320,
+                            max_q_size=10,
+                            nb_worker=2,
+                            pickle_safe=True)
+    model.predict_generator(myGenerator(),
+                            val_samples=320,
+                            max_q_size=10,
+                            pickle_safe=False)
+    reached_end = True
+
+    assert reached_end
+
+
+@keras_test
+def test_multiprocessing_evaluating():
+
+    reached_end = False
+
+    arr_data = np.random.randint(0, 256, (500, 2))
+    arr_labels = np.random.randint(0, 2, 500)
+
+    def myGenerator():
+
+        batch_size = 32
+        n_samples = 500
+
+        while True:
+            batch_index = np.random.randint(0, n_samples - batch_size)
+            start = batch_index
+            end = start + batch_size
+            X = arr_data[start: end]
+            y = arr_labels[start: end]
+            yield X, y
+
+    # Build a NN
+    model = Sequential()
+    model.add(Dense(1, input_shape=(2, )))
+    model.compile(loss='mse', optimizer='adadelta')
+
+    model.evaluate_generator(myGenerator(),
+                             val_samples=320,
+                             max_q_size=10,
+                             nb_worker=2,
+                             pickle_safe=True)
+    model.evaluate_generator(myGenerator(),
+                             val_samples=320,
+                             max_q_size=10,
+                             pickle_safe=False)
+    reached_end = True
+
+    assert reached_end
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+
+    pytest.main([__file__])

tests/keras/test_regularizers.py

@@ -58,8 +58,8 @@ def test_Eigenvalue_reg():
     model.compile(loss='categorical_crossentropy', optimizer='rmsprop')
     model.fit(X_train, Y_train, batch_size=batch_size, nb_epoch=nb_epoch, verbose=0)
     model.evaluate(X_test[test_ids, :], Y_test[test_ids, :], verbose=0)
-    
-    
+
+
 def test_W_reg():
     (X_train, Y_train), (X_test, Y_test), test_ids = get_data()
     for reg in [regularizers.l1(),

tests/keras/test_sequential_model.py

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ from keras import backend as K
 from keras.models import Graph, Sequential
 from keras.layers.core import Dense, Activation, Merge, Lambda
 from keras.utils import np_utils
-from keras.utils.test_utils import get_test_data
+from keras.utils.test_utils import get_test_data, keras_test
 from keras.models import model_from_json, model_from_yaml
 from keras import objectives
 from keras.engine.training import make_batches
@@ -22,6 +22,23 @@ batch_size = 32
 nb_epoch = 1
 
 
+@keras_test
+def test_sequential_pop():
+    model = Sequential()
+    model.add(Dense(nb_hidden, input_dim=input_dim))
+    model.add(Dense(nb_class))
+    model.compile(loss='mse', optimizer='sgd')
+    x = np.random.random((batch_size, input_dim))
+    y = np.random.random((batch_size, nb_class))
+    model.fit(x, y, nb_epoch=1)
+    model.pop()
+    assert len(model.layers) == 1
+    assert model.output_shape == (None, nb_hidden)
+    model.compile(loss='mse', optimizer='sgd')
+    y = np.random.random((batch_size, nb_hidden))
+    model.fit(x, y, nb_epoch=1)
+
+
 def _get_test_data():
     np.random.seed(1234)
 
@@ -38,6 +55,7 @@ def _get_test_data():
     return (X_train, y_train), (X_test, y_test)
 
 
+@keras_test
 def test_sequential_fit_generator():
     (X_train, y_train), (X_test, y_test) = _get_test_data()
 
@@ -59,6 +77,8 @@ def test_sequential_fit_generator():
     model.add(Dense(nb_hidden, input_shape=(input_dim,)))
     model.add(Activation('relu'))
     model.add(Dense(nb_class))
+    model.pop()
+    model.add(Dense(nb_class))
     model.add(Activation('softmax'))
     model.compile(loss='categorical_crossentropy', optimizer='rmsprop')
 
@@ -67,10 +87,10 @@ def test_sequential_fit_generator():
     model.fit_generator(data_generator(True), len(X_train), nb_epoch,
                         validation_data=data_generator(False), nb_val_samples=batch_size * 3)
     model.fit_generator(data_generator(True), len(X_train), nb_epoch, max_q_size=2)
-
-    loss = model.evaluate(X_train, y_train)
+    model.evaluate(X_train, y_train)
 
 
+@keras_test
 def test_sequential():
     (X_train, y_train), (X_test, y_test) = _get_test_data()
 
@@ -128,16 +148,17 @@ def test_sequential():
 
     # test serialization
     config = model.get_config()
-    new_model = Sequential.from_config(config)
+    Sequential.from_config(config)
 
     model.summary()
     json_str = model.to_json()
-    new_model = model_from_json(json_str)
+    model_from_json(json_str)
 
     yaml_str = model.to_yaml()
-    new_model = model_from_yaml(yaml_str)
+    model_from_yaml(yaml_str)
 
 
+@keras_test
 def test_nested_sequential():
     (X_train, y_train), (X_test, y_test) = _get_test_data()
 
@@ -190,16 +211,17 @@ def test_nested_sequential():
 
     # test serialization
     config = model.get_config()
-    new_model = Sequential.from_config(config)
+    Sequential.from_config(config)
 
     model.summary()
     json_str = model.to_json()
-    new_model = model_from_json(json_str)
+    model_from_json(json_str)
 
     yaml_str = model.to_yaml()
-    new_model = model_from_yaml(yaml_str)
+    model_from_yaml(yaml_str)
 
 
+@keras_test
 def test_merge_sum():
     (X_train, y_train), (X_test, y_test) = _get_test_data()
     left = Sequential()
@@ -249,16 +271,17 @@ def test_merge_sum():
 
     # test serialization
     config = model.get_config()
-    new_model = Sequential.from_config(config)
+    Sequential.from_config(config)
 
     model.summary()
     json_str = model.to_json()
-    new_model = model_from_json(json_str)
+    model_from_json(json_str)
 
     yaml_str = model.to_yaml()
-    new_model = model_from_yaml(yaml_str)
+    model_from_yaml(yaml_str)
 
 
+@keras_test
 def test_merge_dot():
     (X_train, y_train), (X_test, y_test) = _get_test_data()
 
@@ -293,6 +316,7 @@ def test_merge_dot():
     model.compile(loss='categorical_crossentropy', optimizer='rmsprop')
 
 
+@keras_test
 def test_merge_concat():
     (X_train, y_train), (X_test, y_test) = _get_test_data()
 
@@ -332,6 +356,7 @@ def test_merge_concat():
     assert(loss == nloss)
 
 
+@keras_test
 def test_merge_recursivity():
     (X_train, y_train), (X_test, y_test) = _get_test_data()
     left = Sequential()
@@ -378,16 +403,17 @@ def test_merge_recursivity():
 
     # test serialization
     config = model.get_config()
-    new_model = Sequential.from_config(config)
+    Sequential.from_config(config)
 
     model.summary()
     json_str = model.to_json()
-    new_model = model_from_json(json_str)
+    model_from_json(json_str)
 
     yaml_str = model.to_yaml()
-    new_model = model_from_yaml(yaml_str)
+    model_from_yaml(yaml_str)
 
 
+@keras_test
 def test_merge_overlap():
     (X_train, y_train), (X_test, y_test) = _get_test_data()
     left = Sequential()
@@ -425,16 +451,17 @@ def test_merge_overlap():
 
     # test serialization
     config = model.get_config()
-    new_model = Sequential.from_config(config)
+    Sequential.from_config(config)
 
     model.summary()
     json_str = model.to_json()
-    new_model = model_from_json(json_str)
+    model_from_json(json_str)
 
     yaml_str = model.to_yaml()
-    new_model = model_from_yaml(yaml_str)
+    model_from_yaml(yaml_str)
 
 
+@keras_test
 def test_sequential_count_params():
     input_dim = 20
     nb_units = 10

tests/test_loss_masking.py

@@ -4,24 +4,27 @@ import pytest
 from keras.models import Sequential
 from keras.engine.training import weighted_objective
 from keras.layers.core import TimeDistributedDense, Masking
+from keras.utils.test_utils import keras_test
 from keras import objectives
 from keras import backend as K
 
 
+@keras_test
 def test_masking():
     np.random.seed(1337)
-    X = np.array(
-        [[[1, 1], [2, 1], [3, 1], [5, 5]],
-         [[1, 5], [5, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]]], dtype=np.int32)
+    X = np.array([[[1], [1]],
+                  [[0], [0]]])
     model = Sequential()
-    model.add(Masking(mask_value=0, input_shape=(4, 2)))
+    model.add(Masking(mask_value=0, input_shape=(2, 1)))
     model.add(TimeDistributedDense(1, init='one'))
     model.compile(loss='mse', optimizer='sgd')
-    y = model.predict(X)
-    history = model.fit(X, 4 * y, nb_epoch=1, batch_size=2, verbose=1)
-    assert history.history['loss'][0] == 285.
+    y = np.array([[[1], [1]],
+                  [[1], [1]]])
+    loss = model.train_on_batch(X, y)
+    assert loss == 0
 
 
+@keras_test
 def test_loss_masking():
     weighted_loss = weighted_objective(objectives.get('mae'))
     shape = (3, 4, 2)

tests/test_loss_weighting.py

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ from keras.utils.test_utils import get_test_data
 from keras.models import Sequential, Graph
 from keras.layers import Dense, Activation, RepeatVector, TimeDistributedDense, GRU
 from keras.utils import np_utils
+from keras.utils.test_utils import keras_test
 
 nb_classes = 10
 batch_size = 128
@@ -61,15 +62,6 @@ def create_sequential_model():
     return model
 
 
-def create_graph_model():
-    model = Graph()
-    model.add_input(name='input', input_shape=(input_dim,))
-    model.add_node(Dense(32, activation='relu'), name='d1', input='input')
-    model.add_node(Dense(nb_classes, activation='softmax'), name='d2', input='d1')
-    model.add_output(name='output', input='d2')
-    return model
-
-
 def create_temporal_sequential_model():
     model = Sequential()
     model.add(GRU(32, input_shape=(timesteps, input_dim), return_sequences=True))
@@ -78,17 +70,7 @@ def create_temporal_sequential_model():
     return model
 
 
-def create_temporal_graph_model():
-    model = Graph()
-    model.add_input(name='input', input_shape=(timesteps, input_dim))
-    model.add_node(GRU(32, return_sequences=True),
-                   name='d1', input='input')
-    model.add_node(TimeDistributedDense(nb_classes, activation='softmax'),
-                   name='d2', input='d1')
-    model.add_output(name='output', input='d2')
-    return model
-
-
+@keras_test
 def _test_weights_sequential(model, class_weight=None, sample_weight=None,
                              X_train=X_train, Y_train=Y_train,
                              X_test=X_test, Y_test=Y_test):
@@ -122,39 +104,13 @@ def _test_weights_sequential(model, class_weight=None, sample_weight=None,
     return score
 
 
-def _test_weights_graph(model, class_weight=None, sample_weight=None,
-                        X_train=X_train, Y_train=Y_train,
-                        X_test=X_test, Y_test=Y_test):
-    model.fit({'input': X_train, 'output': Y_train},
-              batch_size=batch_size, nb_epoch=nb_epoch // 2, verbose=0,
-              class_weight={'output': class_weight},
-              sample_weight={'output': sample_weight})
-    model.fit({'input': X_train, 'output': Y_train},
-              batch_size=batch_size, nb_epoch=nb_epoch // 2, verbose=0,
-              class_weight={'output': class_weight},
-              sample_weight={'output': sample_weight}, validation_split=0.1)
-
-    model.train_on_batch({'input': X_train[:32], 'output': Y_train[:32]},
-                         class_weight={'output': class_weight},
-                         sample_weight={'output': sample_weight[:32] if sample_weight is not None else None})
-    model.test_on_batch({'input': X_train[:32], 'output': Y_train[:32]},
-                        sample_weight={'output': sample_weight[:32] if sample_weight is not None else None})
-    score = model.evaluate({'input': X_test[test_ids, :],
-                            'output': Y_test[test_ids, :]},
-                           verbose=0)
-    return score
-
-
 # no weights: reference point
 model = create_sequential_model()
 model.compile(loss=loss, optimizer='rmsprop')
 standard_score_sequential = _test_weights_sequential(model)
 
-model = create_graph_model()
-model.compile(loss={'output': loss}, optimizer='rmsprop')
-standard_score_graph = _test_weights_graph(model)
-
 
+@keras_test
 def test_sequential_class_weights():
     model = create_sequential_model()
     model.compile(loss=loss, optimizer='rmsprop')
@@ -162,6 +118,7 @@ def test_sequential_class_weights():
     assert(score < standard_score_sequential)
 
 
+@keras_test
 def test_sequential_sample_weights():
     model = create_sequential_model()
     model.compile(loss=loss, optimizer='rmsprop')
@@ -169,6 +126,7 @@ def test_sequential_sample_weights():
     assert(score < standard_score_sequential)
 
 
+@keras_test
 def test_sequential_temporal_sample_weights():
     model = create_temporal_sequential_model()
     model.compile(loss=loss, optimizer='rmsprop',
@@ -194,32 +152,5 @@ def test_sequential_temporal_sample_weights():
     assert(score < standard_score_sequential)
 
 
-def test_graph_class_weights():
-    model = create_graph_model()
-    model.compile(loss={'output': loss}, optimizer='rmsprop')
-    score = _test_weights_graph(model, class_weight=class_weight)
-    assert(score < standard_score_graph)
-
-
-def test_graph_sample_weights():
-    model = create_graph_model()
-    model.compile(loss={'output': loss}, optimizer='rmsprop')
-    score = _test_weights_graph(model, sample_weight=sample_weight)
-    assert(score < standard_score_graph)
-
-
-def test_graph_temporal_sample_weight():
-    model = create_temporal_graph_model()
-    model.compile(loss={'output': loss}, optimizer='rmsprop',
-                  sample_weight_modes={'output': 'temporal'})
-    score = _test_weights_graph(model,
-                                sample_weight=temporal_sample_weight,
-                                X_train=temporal_X_train,
-                                X_test=temporal_X_test,
-                                Y_train=temporal_Y_train,
-                                Y_test=temporal_Y_test)
-    assert(score < standard_score_graph)
-
-
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     pytest.main([__file__])

tests/test_model_saving.py

@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+import pytest
+import os
+import numpy as np
+from numpy.testing import assert_allclose
+
+from keras.models import Model, Sequential
+from keras.layers import Dense, Dropout, RepeatVector, TimeDistributed
+from keras.layers import Input
+from keras import optimizers
+from keras import objectives
+from keras import metrics
+from keras.utils.test_utils import keras_test
+from keras.models import save_model, load_model
+
+
+@keras_test
+def test_sequential_model_saving():
+    model = Sequential()
+    model.add(Dense(2, input_dim=3))
+    model.add(Dense(3))
+    model.compile(loss='mse', optimizer='rmsprop', metrics=['acc'])
+
+    x = np.random.random((1, 3))
+    y = np.random.random((1, 3))
+    model.train_on_batch(x, y)
+
+    out = model.predict(x)
+    fname = 'tmp_' + str(np.random.randint(10000)) + '.h5'
+    save_model(model, fname)
+
+    new_model = load_model(fname)
+
+    out2 = new_model.predict(x)
+    assert_allclose(out, out2, atol=1e-05)
+
+    # test that new updates are the same with both models
+    x = np.random.random((1, 3))
+    y = np.random.random((1, 3))
+    model.train_on_batch(x, y)
+    new_model.train_on_batch(x, y)
+    out = model.predict(x)
+    out2 = new_model.predict(x)
+    assert_allclose(out, out2, atol=1e-05)
+
+    # test load_weights on model file
+    model.load_weights(fname)
+    os.remove(fname)
+
+
+@keras_test
+def test_sequential_model_saving_2():
+    # test with funkier config
+    model = Sequential()
+    model.add(Dense(2, input_dim=3))
+    model.add(RepeatVector(3))
+    model.add(TimeDistributed(Dense(3)))
+    model.compile(loss=objectives.MSE,
+                  optimizer=optimizers.RMSprop(lr=0.0001),
+                  metrics=[metrics.categorical_accuracy],
+                  sample_weight_mode='temporal')
+    x = np.random.random((1, 3))
+    y = np.random.random((1, 3, 3))
+    model.train_on_batch(x, y)
+
+    out = model.predict(x)
+    fname = 'tmp_' + str(np.random.randint(10000)) + '.h5'
+    save_model(model, fname)
+
+    new_model = load_model(fname)
+    os.remove(fname)
+
+    out2 = new_model.predict(x)
+    assert_allclose(out, out2, atol=1e-05)
+
+    # test that new updates are the same with both models
+    x = np.random.random((1, 3))
+    y = np.random.random((1, 3, 3))
+    model.train_on_batch(x, y)
+    new_model.train_on_batch(x, y)
+    out = model.predict(x)
+    out2 = new_model.predict(x)
+    assert_allclose(out, out2, atol=1e-05)
+
+
+@keras_test
+def test_sequential_model_saving_3():
+    # test with custom optimizer, loss
+    custom_opt = optimizers.rmsprop
+    custom_loss = objectives.mse
+    model = Sequential()
+    model.add(Dense(2, input_dim=3))
+    model.add(Dense(3))
+    model.compile(loss=custom_loss, optimizer=custom_opt(), metrics=['acc'])
+
+    x = np.random.random((1, 3))
+    y = np.random.random((1, 3))
+    model.train_on_batch(x, y)
+
+    out = model.predict(x)
+    fname = 'tmp_' + str(np.random.randint(10000)) + '.h5'
+    save_model(model, fname)
+
+    model = load_model(fname,
+                       custom_objects={'custom_opt': custom_opt,
+                                       'custom_loss': custom_loss})
+    os.remove(fname)
+
+    out2 = model.predict(x)
+    assert_allclose(out, out2, atol=1e-05)
+
+
+@keras_test
+def test_fuctional_model_saving():
+    input = Input(shape=(3,))
+    x = Dense(2)(input)
+    output = Dense(3)(x)
+
+    model = Model(input, output)
+    model.compile(loss=objectives.MSE,
+                  optimizer=optimizers.RMSprop(lr=0.0001),
+                  metrics=[metrics.categorical_accuracy])
+    x = np.random.random((1, 3))
+    y = np.random.random((1, 3))
+    model.train_on_batch(x, y)
+
+    out = model.predict(x)
+    fname = 'tmp_' + str(np.random.randint(10000)) + '.h5'
+    save_model(model, fname)
+
+    model = load_model(fname)
+    os.remove(fname)
+
+    out2 = model.predict(x)
+    assert_allclose(out, out2, atol=1e-05)
+
+
+@keras_test
+def test_saving_without_compilation():
+    model = Sequential()
+    model.add(Dense(2, input_dim=3))
+    model.add(Dense(3))
+    model.compile(loss='mse', optimizer='sgd', metrics=['acc'])
+
+    fname = 'tmp_' + str(np.random.randint(10000)) + '.h5'
+    save_model(model, fname)
+    model = load_model(fname)
+    os.remove(fname)
+
+
+@keras_test
+def test_saving_right_after_compilation():
+    model = Sequential()
+    model.add(Dense(2, input_dim=3))
+    model.add(Dense(3))
+    model.compile(loss='mse', optimizer='sgd', metrics=['acc'])
+    model.model._make_train_function()
+
+    fname = 'tmp_' + str(np.random.randint(10000)) + '.h5'
+    save_model(model, fname)
+    model = load_model(fname)
+    os.remove(fname)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    pytest.main([__file__])